Essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, are required for human health and development. Inadequate intake can negatively affect development and result in a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Rice, maize, and wheat provide over 60% of the world’s food energy intake. Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), water, nitrogen, and soil micronutrients are the basis of this plant material. Since 1850–1900, CO₂ concentrations have increased about 50%, with most of that increase since 1950. Higher CO₂ concentrations increase photosynthesis, which then increases plant biomass, but also alters the nutritional quality of wheat, rice, and other C3 plants. We review the possible impacts of rising CO₂ concentrations on human health, highlight uncertainties, and propose a research agenda to maintain the nutritional quality of C3 plants. We also synthesize options for addressing this critical challenge to nutritional safety and security. A complete research agenda requires addressing data and knowledge gaps surrounding plant biology and policy responses. Data on key nutrients are lacking, leading to a limited mechanistic understanding of the response of the plant ionome to elevated CO₂ concentrations. Regular data are largely missing on nutritional status and food safety in low- and middle-income countries, limiting assessments of the magnitude of the risks. Research opportunities to fill gaps in data and understanding include herbaria studies, field-based natural and manipulative studies, leveraging natural plant variability, and innovations in seed quality. Improved models of cereal crop nutritional quality can project the magnitude and direction of possible future challenges; incorporating the effects of climate change into those models can further improve their robustness. Transdisciplinary research involving at least ecologists, plant physiologists, economists, and experts in human nutrition is essential for developing a systems-based understanding of the potential impacts of rising CO₂ concentrations for human nutrition and the attendant consequences for achieving the sustainable development goal on food security.

人体健康和发育需要必需营养素，包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素和矿物质。摄入不足会对发育产生负面影响，并导致各种不利的健康结果。大米、玉米和小麦提供了世界食物能量摄入量的 60% 以上。大气中的二氧化碳 (CO ₂ )、水、氮和土壤微量营养素是这种植物材料的基础。自 1850-1900 年以来，CO ₂浓度增加了约 50%，其中大部分增加自 1950 年以来。较高的 CO ₂浓度会增加光合作用，从而增加植物生物量，但也会改变小麦、水稻和其他 C3 植物的营养品质. 我们回顾了 CO ₂上升的可能影响关注人类健康，突出不确定性，并提出一项研究议程以保持 C3 植物的营养质量。我们还综合了解决这一营养安全和保障的关键挑战的选项。完整的研究议程需要解决围绕植物生物学和政策响应的数据和知识差距。缺乏关于关键营养素的数据，导致对植物离子组对升高的 CO ₂反应的机制理解有限浓度。低收入和中等收入国家的营养状况和食品安全方面的常规数据在很大程度上缺失，从而限制了对风险程度的评估。填补数据和理解空白的研究机会包括植物标本馆研究、基于实地的自然和操纵研究、利用自然植物变异性以及种子质量的创新。谷类作物营养质量的改进模型可以预测未来可能面临的挑战的规模和方向；将气候变化的影响纳入这些模型可以进一步提高其稳健性。至少涉及生态学家、植物生理学家、经济学家和人类营养专家的跨学科研究对于建立基于系统的对 CO ₂上升的潜在影响的理解至关重要 人类营养的浓度以及实现粮食安全可持续发展目标的相关后果。