Although human rights are widely endorsed in the abstract, significant variation exists in the degree to which different states endorse different rights. To what extent is the international human rights community divided? This research note examines fragmentation in the international human rights regime using an inductive, data-driven approach. We trace states’ normative positions as they are expressed in the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a UN mechanism where states “peer review” one another's human rights practices. We analyze over 56,000 recommendations from the first two cycles of the UPR using data collected from the non-profit organization UPR Info. Employing unsupervised scaling and clustering methods, we find four interstate clusters or factions emerging from this process: Civil Libertarians, Developmentalists, Institutionalists, and Egalitarians. Our results indicate that the international human rights regime reflects less a singular community than a set of communities, each constituted by a distinct configuration of normative positions. They also reveal new insights about specific norms: while women's rights and children's rights are broadly endorsed, norms related to sexuality and migration are more contentious and partisan. While our findings are descriptive, they lay the foundation for new causal questions of interest to scholars of human rights and international norms.

中文翻译：

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分裂的房子：国际人权制度中的规范碎片化

尽管抽象地广泛认可人权，但不同国家认可不同权利的程度存在显着差异。国际人权界的分裂程度如何？本研究报告使用归纳的、数据驱动的方法研究了国际人权制度中的碎片化。我们追溯各国在普遍定期审议 (UPR) 中表达的规范立场，这是一种联合国机制，各国在其中“同行审议”彼此的人权实践。我们使用从非营利组织 UPR Info 收集的数据分析了 UPR 前两个周期的超过 56,000 条建议。采用无监督的扩展和聚类方法，我们发现在这个过程中出现了四个州际集群或派系：公民自由主义者、发展主义者、制度主义者、和平等主义者。我们的研究结果表明，国际人权制度反映的不是一个单一的社区，而是一组社区，每个社区都由不同的规范立场构成。它们还揭示了有关特定规范的新见解：虽然妇女权利和儿童权利得到广泛认可，但与性和移民有关的规范更具争议性和党派性。虽然我们的研究结果具有描述性，但它们为人权和国际规范学者感兴趣的新因果问题奠定了基础。s 权利和儿童权利得到广泛认可，与性和移民有关的规范更具争议性和党派性。虽然我们的研究结果具有描述性，但它们为人权和国际规范学者感兴趣的新因果问题奠定了基础。s 权利和儿童权利得到广泛认可，与性和移民有关的规范更具争议性和党派性。虽然我们的研究结果具有描述性，但它们为人权和国际规范学者感兴趣的新因果问题奠定了基础。