As well known, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is an ideal C1 source in organic synthesis due to its high abundance, low cost, nontoxicity, and renewability. Significant progress has been realized in this field. This minireview summarizes the recent development of carboxylation using CO₂ via transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and electrochemistry, with focus on the advances in the last two years. In this article, we provide a comprehensive introduction of the progress, point out the advantages and limitations, and discuss the potential direction for further development.

中文翻译：

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CO ₂羧化的最新进展和挑战

众所周知，二氧化碳（CO ₂）由于其丰度高、成本低、无毒且可再生，是有机合成中理想的C1来源。该领域取得了重大进展。这篇小综述总结了通过过渡金属催化、光氧化还原催化和电化学使用 CO ₂ 进行羧化的最新进展，重点介绍了过去两年的进展。在本文中，我们全面介绍了进展，指出了优势和局限性，并讨论了进一步发展的潜在方向。