Background

Mindful parenting is the process of bringing awareness and attention intentionally in a non-reactive and non-judgemental way to a child at any present moment. Parenting mindfulness is believed to influence parenting factors and parental psychological outcomes, child's emotional and behavioural outcomes, and family relationships. However, the efficacy of such interventions on interpersonal mindfulness in parenting and parenting behaviours has received minimal empirical attention.

Objective

This meta-analysis aims to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of mindful parenting interventions on parenting mindfulness and parenting behaviours. Parenting stress, parents’ psychological wellbeing, interpersonal relationships, and child behavioural outcomes were examined secondarily. When meta-analysis was not possible (due to insufficient data in the included studies), the narrative approach was taken to present the findings.

Design

A systematic review, meta-analysis, and narrative summary.

Methods

Six electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) were systematically searched for articles in the English language from their respective dates of inception to December 2020. Studies involving clinical and non-clinical samples of parents with children or youths aged 24 years and below were included. Only randomised controlled trials were included. Studies were excluded if the mindfulness intervention did not focus on parenting skills training; that is, it focused on childbirth, stress reduction or incorporated other forms of therapy (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy). Data was synthesised using a random-effects model in RevMan 5.4. The outcomes of primary interest were parenting mindfulness and parenting behaviours. The secondary outcomes were parenting stress, parents’ psychological wellbeing, interpersonal relationships, and child behavioural outcomes.

Results

Eleven studies representing 1,340 parents from six countries were included in the review. No evidence of intervention effect was found for overall parenting mindfulness and overall parenting stress. However, mindful parenting interventions demonstrated a moderate effect size when examining parenting mindfulness scores (standardised mean differences (d)=0.62, 95% CI: 0.11, 1.13, p = 0.02) of parents with non-clinical samples of children. No intervention effect was found for overall parenting stress. Due to insufficient studies and data, findings on parenting behaviours, psychological wellbeing, relationships, and child behaviour were presented narratively.

Conclusion

Mindful parenting interventions are associated with higher parenting mindfulness scores for parents of typically developing children when compared with a control group. The limited studies and mixed results on positive parenting behaviours, parental psychological wellbeing, parental relationship with child and partner, and child behavioural outcomes serve as an impetus for further research.

中文翻译：

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正念育儿干预的有效性：系统评价和荟萃分析

背景

正念养育是在任何时候以非反应性和非判断性的方式有意识地为孩子带来意识和注意力的过程。育儿正念被认为会影响育儿因素和父母的心理结果、孩子的情绪和行为结果以及家庭关系。然而，这种干预对育儿和育儿行为中的人际正念的功效很少受到实证关注。

目标

这项荟萃分析旨在定量评估正念育儿干预对育儿正念和育儿行为的功效。其次检查了养育压力、父母的心理健康、人际关系和儿童行为结果。当无法进行荟萃分析时（由于纳入研究中的数据不足），则采用叙述方法来呈现结果。

设计

系统评价、荟萃分析和叙述性总结。

方法

系统地搜索了六个电子数据库（PubMed、Embase、PsycINFO、CINAHL、Scopus 和 ProQuest Dissertations and Thess）从各自的成立日期到 2020 年 12 月的英文文章。包括 24 岁及以下的儿童或青年。仅纳入随机对照试验。如果正念干预不关注育儿技能培训，则研究被排除在外；也就是说，它侧重于分娩、减压或结合其他形式的治疗（例如认知行为疗法）。使用 RevMan 5.4 中的随机效应模型合成数据。主要兴趣的结果是育儿正念和育儿行为。次要结果是养育压力，

结果

该评价纳入了代表来自六个国家的 1,340 名家长的 11 项研究。没有发现整体育儿正念和整体育儿压力的干预效果的证据。然而，在检查 具有非临床儿童样本的父母的育儿正念分数（标准化平均差异 (d)=0.62, 95% CI: 0.11, 1.13, p = 0.02）时，正念育儿干预显示出中等的影响大小。未发现整体育儿压力的干预效应。由于研究和数据不足，有关育儿行为、心理健康、人际关系和儿童行为的调查结果以叙述方式呈现。

结论

与对照组相比，正念育儿干预与正常发育儿童的父母的育儿正念分数更高有关。关于积极养育行为、父母心理健康、父母与孩子和伴侣的关系以及儿童行为结果的有限研究和混合结果为进一步研究提供了动力。