The European Union has some of the world's most ambitious and highly developed environmental laws on its books, but their effectiveness is severely compromised by non-compliance. With the UNECE Aarhus Convention (1998), Europe launched an innovative legal experiment, democratizing environmental enforcement by conferring third party citizens and environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) with legal rights of access to environmental information, public participation, and access to justice in environmental matters. Based on some 2000 surveys and over 150 interviews with stakeholders from three Member States – France, Ireland, and the Netherlands – we adopt a holistic, 360° perspective, capturing the views of regulated parties, NGOs, and the general public on this private governance experiment. Our data provide important new insights into the practical effectiveness of Europe's laws enabling private environmental enforcement, its (intended and unintended) effects on farmers' compliance decisions in the vital area of nature conservation, and how law might be used to stimulate pro-environmental predispositions.

中文翻译：

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磁法：设计环境执法法，鼓励我们走得更远

欧盟有一些世界上最雄心勃勃和高度发达的环境法，但它们的有效性因不遵守而受到严重损害。随着联合国欧洲经济委员会奥胡斯公约（1998 年）的颁布，欧洲发起了一项创新的法律试验，通过授予第三方公民和环境非政府组织 (ENGO) 获得环境信息、公众参与和诉诸司法的合法权利，使环境执法民主化。环境问题。基于对来自三个成员国（法国、爱尔兰和荷兰）的利益相关者的 2000 多项调查和 150 多次访谈，我们采用整体的 360 度视角，收集受监管方、非政府组织和公众对这种私人治理的看法实验。