This research compares the impact of infrastructure congestion management initiatives at a bulk cargo marine terminal on truck queuing and emissions. Researchers have studied the impact of individual congestion management initiatives in marine terminals extensively. However, limited research has been conducted to comparatively evaluate the impact of several initiatives. Furthermore, researchers have mainly focused on container terminals to the detriment of bulk cargo terminals even though bulk cargo marine terminals can face significant congestion challenges.

A discrete-event simulation model of a bulk cargo marine terminal is developed in this research using empirical data collected from weighbridges and truck geo-positioning systems. The model is used to conduct a scenario analysis of several congestion management initiatives and assess their sensitivity to increasing terminal throughput. The performance indicators used are truck turnaround times, waiting times, turnaround time reliability, and engine idling emissions. The modelling results indicate that terminal appointment systems are one of the most effective congestion mitigation initiatives, reducing truck turnaround times by up to 65% and engine idling emissions by up to 80% compared to no intervention. The benefits accrued from terminal infrastructure expansions rival those of appointment systems only in high terminal throughput scenarios.

This research contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting an approach that improves understanding of the differential impacts of congestion management initiatives on truck and environmental performance in bulk cargo marine terminals. For practitioners, this research presents congestion management considerations that balance the competitive operational, cost, and efficiency interests of individual port users with tactical and strategic concerns regarding environmental impacts.

本研究比较了散货海运码头的基础设施拥堵管理举措对卡车排队和排放的影响。研究人员广泛研究了海运码头中个人拥堵管理举措的影响。然而，对几项举措的影响进行比较评估的研究有限。此外，尽管散货海运码头可能面临严重的拥堵挑战，但研究人员主要关注集装箱码头，而损害了散货码头。

本研究使用从地磅和卡车地理定位系统收集的经验数据开发了散货海运码头的离散事件仿真模型。该模型用于对几个拥塞管理举措进行情景分析，并评估它们对增加终端吞吐量的敏感性。使用的性能指标是卡车周转时间、等待时间、周转时间可靠性和发动机怠速排放。建模结果表明，终端预约系统是最有效的缓解拥堵举措之一，与不干预相比，可将卡车周转时间减少多达 65%，发动机空转排放减少多达 80%。终端基础设施扩展带来的好处仅在高终端吞吐量情况下才能与预约系统相媲美。

这项研究通过提出一种方法来提高对拥堵管理举措对散货海运码头的卡车和环境绩效的不同影响的理解，从而为知识体系做出贡献。对于从业者而言，这项研究提出了拥堵管理考虑因素，以平衡单个港口用户的竞争性运营、成本和效率利益与对环境影响的战术和战略问题。