Guilt and shame, two negative self-conscious emotions, have drawn theoretical and empirical attention in studying self-control. Although a functionalist view suggests that their reparative tendencies would help combat self-control failures, the evidence is equivocal. In this review, we begin with a systematic analysis of how the context of self-control conflicts allows mood management to dominate reparative control as the primary means of regulating guilt and shame and, subsequently, sours the potential benefits of mood management. Then, inspired by the emerging literature of strategic indulgence and a multilevel perspective on self-control, we propose that people should adopt a tolerant view of indulgence at the behavioral level while channeling the reparative tendencies of guilt and shame at the strategy (behavioral plans) and the system (goal balance) levels. When appraising and regulating self-control, thus, focusing on the forest rather than the trees may help capitalize on the benefits of guilt and shame.

中文翻译：

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不要只见树木不见森林：在自我控制冲突中利用内疚和羞耻的新建议

内疚和羞耻这两种消极的自我意识情绪在研究自我控制时引起了理论和经验的关注。尽管功能主义观点表明他们的修复倾向将有助于对抗自我控制失败，但证据是模棱两可的。在这篇综述中，我们首先系统分析了自我控制冲突的背景如何让情绪管理主导修复性控制，作为调节内疚和羞耻的主要手段，并随后削弱情绪管理的潜在好处。然后，受到新兴的战略放纵和自我控制的多层次观点的启发，我们建议人们应该在行为层面采取宽容的放纵观，同时在策略（行为计划）和系统（目标平衡）层面引导内疚和羞耻的修复倾向。因此，在评估和调节自我控制时，关注森林而不是树木可能有助于利用内疚和羞耻的好处。