Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology, and molecular pathways that influence disease pathobiology. A spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains permit long-lived human progenitor cell engraftments. The presence of both innate and adaptive immunity enables high levels of human hematolymphoid reconstitution with cell susceptibility to a broad range of microbial infections. These mice also facilitate investigations of human pathobiology, natural disease processes and therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of human disorders. However, a bridge between humans and mice requires a complete understanding of pathogen dose, co-morbidities, disease progression, environment, and genetics which can be mirrored in these mice. These must be considered for understanding of microbial susceptibility, prevention, and disease progression. With known common limitations for access to human tissues, evaluation of metabolic and physiological changes and limitations in large animal numbers, studies in mice prove important in planning human clinical trials. To these ends, this review serves to outline how humanized mice can be used in viral and pharmacologic research emphasizing both current and future studies of viral and neurodegenerative diseases. In all, humanized mouse provides cost-effective, high throughput studies of infection or degeneration in natural pathogen host cells, and the ability to test transmission and eradication of disease.

中文翻译：

---

用于治疗传染病和神经退行性疾病的人源化小鼠

人源化小鼠模拟人类疾病，因此通常用于传染病、退行性疾病和癌症疾病的研究。最近的模型还反映了造血、自然免疫、神经生物学和影响疾病病理学的分子途径。一系列免疫缺陷小鼠品系允许长寿命的人类祖细胞植入。先天性免疫和适应性免疫的存在使得人类血淋巴重建水平高，细胞对多种微生物感染具有易感性。这些小鼠还有助于研究人类病理学、自然疾病过程和广泛的人类疾病的治疗效果。然而，人类和小鼠之间的桥梁需要完全了解病原体剂量、共病、疾病进展、环境和遗传学，这些都可以反映在这些小鼠身上。为了了解微生物的敏感性、预防和疾病进展，必须考虑这些因素。鉴于已知的人体组织获取的常见限制、代谢和生理变化的评估以及大型动物数量的限制，小鼠研究在规划人类临床试验中非常重要。为此，本综述概述了如何将人源化小鼠用于病毒和药理学研究，强调当前和未来的病毒和神经退行性疾病研究。总之，人源化小鼠提供了对天然病原体宿主细胞感染或变性的经济高效、高通量的研究，以及测试疾病传播和根除的能力。