Adaptation in human and natural systems has received growing attention in sustainability scholarship. Co-adaptation, when coupled human and natural systems (CHANSs) adapt in congruence, is receiving much less attention. Not only are various forms of co-adaptation difficult to disentangle, adaptations are also conceptualized very differently by scholars of human and natural systems. One aspect of adaptation that scholars agree on, however, is that it is first and foremost a change. We offer a new transdisciplinary typology of the four most basic types of change, internally and externally driven non-structural and structural changes, that bridges perspectives in the natural and social sciences and through which we introduce new categories of adaptations and forms of co-adaptation in CHANSs. We first describe the typology’s foundations and its four types of change. We then organize forms of adaptation in human and natural systems according to the types of change they exhibit to identify new categories of adaptations and forms of co-adaptation. Finally, we illustrate the application of the new categories and forms in a real-world CHANS—the privately managed Northwoods in the Upper Midwest, USA. This new typology paves the way for robust and cross-disciplinary research on CHANSs.

人类和自然系统的适应在可持续性研究中受到越来越多的关注。当耦合的人类和自然系统 (CHANS) 适应一致时，协同适应受到的关注要少得多。不仅各种形式的共同适应难以解开，人类和自然系统的学者对适应的概念化也大不相同。然而，学者们一致同意的一个方面是，它首先是一种变化。我们提供了四种最基本的变化类型的新跨学科类型学，内部和外部驱动的非结构性和结构性变化，连接自然科学和社会科学的观点，并通过它我们引入了新的适应类别和共同适应形式在 CHNS 中。我们首先描述类型学的基础及其四种类型的变化。然后，我们根据人类和自然系统表现出的变化类型来组织人类和自然系统中的适应形式，以确定新的适应类别和共同适应的形式。最后，我们说明了新类别和形式在现实世界 CHANS 中的应用——美国中西部北部的私人管理的 Northwoods。这种新的类型学为对 CHNS 进行稳健的跨学科研究铺平了道路。