Introduction

Adverse parenting is associated with sleep problems in adolescence, including sleep quality, inadequate sleep, and daytime sleepiness. Adolescents who experience sleep problems are at greater risk for developing internalizing and externalizing problems. However, research on the intervening role of sleep in the link between adverse parenting and youth psychopathology remains limited. The present study aimed to examine the indirect effects of adverse parenting on youth internalizing and externalizing psychopathology via sleep problems, and to examine the moderating role of gender in associations between parenting and sleep.

Methods

Participants were 101 low-income youth aged 9–12 (52.5% female; 75.2% African-American) and their primary caregivers. Families were from a non-metropolitan region in the Southeastern United States. Data were collected at two time points (T1; M_age = 10.28, SD = 1.2; T2; M_age = 12.08, SD = 1.2). Adverse parenting was measured at T1, youth-reported sleep problems (inadequacy, disturbance) and daytime sleepiness were assessed at T2, and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms were measured at T2.

Results

Daytime sleepiness served as an intervening variable in associations between adverse parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems, but sleep problems did not. This indirect association was moderated by gender, such that the association between adverse parenting and daytime sleepiness only emerged as significant for girls.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that daytime-related sleep behaviors may serve as a mechanism through which harsh or neglectful parenting is related to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in adolescence, particularly for adolescent girls.

中文翻译：

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白天嗜睡是不良养育方式与青春期女孩青少年精神病理学之间联系的基础

 介绍

不良养育方式与青春期的睡眠问题有关，包括睡眠质量、睡眠不足和白天嗜睡。经历睡眠问题的青少年出现内化和外化问题的风险更大。然而，关于睡眠在不良养育和青少年精神病理学之间的联系中的干预作用的研究仍然有限。本研究旨在探讨不良养育方式通过睡眠问题对青少年内化和外化精神病理学的间接影响，并探讨性别在养育方式与睡眠之间关系中的调节作用。

 方法

参与者为 101 名 9-12 岁的低收入青少年（52.5% 为女性；75.2% 为非洲裔美国人）及其主要照顾者。这些家庭来自美国东南部的非大都市地区。在两个时间点收集数据（T1； M_年龄= 10.28， SD = 1.2；T2； M_年龄= 12.08， SD = 1.2）。在 T1 时测量不良养育方式，在 T2 时评估青少年报告的睡眠问题（不足、紊乱）和日间嗜睡，在 T2 时测量父母报告的内化和外化症状。

 结果

白天嗜睡是不良养育方式与内化和外化问题之间关联的一个干预变量，但睡眠问题却不是。这种间接关联受到性别的调节，因此不良养育方式与白天嗜睡之间的关联仅对女孩而言显着。

 结论

这些发现表明，白天相关的睡眠行为可能是一种机制，通过这种机制，严厉或疏忽的养育方式与青春期的内化和外化精神病理学有关，特别是对于青春期女孩而言。