How does sanction type negatively impact women in gendered ways in the target state? I argue that economic sanctions place a financial burden on the target state which leads to government cuts to social spending, specifically in public education. Women rely disproportionately upon spending on public education, and thus, are impacted more harshly than men when these programs are underfunded by the government. I find that contrary to policy expectations, targeted sanctions do not have a reduced impact on women’s human rights in the target state compared to comprehensive sanctions once this impact is disaggregated from standard human rights indices and specific mechanisms in the state are examined. In fact, compared to comprehensive sanctions, I find that targeted and human rights sanction types are worse for women’s gender equality metrics via this influence on government social spending. Using a panel analysis, I show that targeted and human rights sanctions lead to a decrease in government spending on public education and that these cuts negatively impact women in the post-sanctions period. However, I illustrate that when the target state increases spending on primary education in the post-sanctions period, the overall negative impact of sanctions on women can be mitigated.

制裁类型如何以性别方式对目标国家的女性产生负面影响？我认为经济制裁给目标国家带来了财政负担，导致政府削减社会支出，特别是在公共教育方面。女性不成比例地依赖公共教育支出，因此，当这些项目得到政府资金不足时，她们受到的影响比男性更严重。我发现，与政策预期相反，一旦将这种影响从标准人权指数中分解出来并审查该州的具体机制，与全面制裁相比，定向制裁不会减少对目标国家妇女人权的影响。事实上，与全面制裁相比，我发现通过这种对政府社会支出的影响，针对性和人权制裁类型对女性的性别平等指标更不利。使用小组分析，我表明有针对性的和人权制裁导致政府公共教育支出减少，并且这些削减对制裁后时期的女性产生负面影响。但是，我举例说明，当目标国家在制裁后时期增加初等教育支出时，可以减轻制裁对妇女的总体负面影响。