This study examined energy, greenhouse gas emission and ecological footprint analysis (EFA) of chickpea and lentil cultivation with different mechanization production systems. In lentil production, except for tillage operations, other operations are performed manually and the remaining straw is burned in the field; while in chickpea production, most of the agricultural operations are mechanized and residues are collected, baled and transferred to the warehouse for animal feed. In this paper, for the first time, some of the sustainability indicators are investigated and compared in two different legume production systems. Energy productivity and net energy for chickpea and lentil production were calculated at 0.036, 0.161 and 2373 and 5900 MJ per hectare, respectively. The CO2 emission and ecological carbon footprint were 173 kg CO2−eq and 0.15 global hectare for lentil and 484 and 0.87 for chickpea production. Totally, due to excessive consumption of diesel fuel and lack of proper management, the social cost of emission from straw baling in chickpea production (27.65 dollars per hectare) was higher than burning straw in lentil production (8.77). Multi-objective genetic algorithm results showed the potential of minimizing diesel fuel and fertilizer consumption and no chemical for chickpea production. Overall audition results of two different production systems revealed that traditional lentil production is more sustainable. Therefore, implementations of modern agricultural practices alone are not enough to achieve sustainability in agricultural production systems.

中文翻译：

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豆类生产系统的可持续性评估和优化：能源、温室气体排放和生态足迹分析

本研究考察了采用不同机械化生产系统的鹰嘴豆和小扁豆种植的能源、温室气体排放和生态足迹分析 (EFA)。扁豆生产中，除耕作作业外，其他作业均由人工进行，剩余秸秆在田间焚烧；而在鹰嘴豆生产中，大部分农业作业都是机械化的，残留物被收集、打包并转移到仓库作为动物饲料。本文首次在两种不同的豆类生产系统中调查和比较了一些可持续性指标。鹰嘴豆和小扁豆生产的能源生产力和净能分别计算为每公顷 0.036、0.161 和 2373 和 5900 MJ。一氧化碳2排放和生态碳足迹为 173 kg CO2-eq小扁豆为 0.15 公顷，鹰嘴豆为 484 公顷和 0.87 公顷。总体而言，由于过度消耗柴油燃料和缺乏适当的管理，鹰嘴豆生产中秸秆打包排放的社会成本（每公顷 27.65 美元）高于扁豆生产中燃烧秸秆的社会成本（8.77）。多目标遗传算法结果显示了最大限度地减少柴油和化肥消耗以及鹰嘴豆生产无需化学品的潜力。两种不同生产系统的总体试听结果表明，传统的扁豆生产更具可持续性。因此，仅靠实施现代农业实践不足以实现农业生产系统的可持续性。