Obesity is a syndemia that promotes high expenditures for public health, and is defined by the excess of adipose tissue that is classified according to its function and anatomical distribution. In obese people, this tissue generates oxidative stress associated with a chronic inflammatory response, in which there is an imbalance in relation to the release of hormones and adipokines that cause loss of body homeostasis and predisposition to the development of some comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to summarize the main events that occur during the onset and progression of obesity with a special focus on biochemical and immunological changes. Hypertrophied and hyperplasia adipocytes have biomarkers and release adipokines capable of regulating pathways and expressing genes that culminate in the development of metabolic changes, such as changes in energy balance and intestinal microbiota, and the development of some comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, arterial hypertension, liver disease, cancer, allergies, osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obstructive sleep apnea. Thus, it is necessary to treat and/or prevent pathology, using traditional methods based on healthy eating, and regular physical and leisure activities.

肥胖是一种导致公共卫生高支出的综合症，其定义是根据其功能和解剖分布进行分类的脂肪组织过多。在肥胖人群中，这种组织会产生与慢性炎症反应相关的氧化应激，其中激素和脂肪因子的释放不平衡，导致身体稳态丧失并容易出现某些合并症。本综述的目的是总结肥胖发生和进展过程中发生的主要事件，特别关注生化和免疫学变化。肥大和增生的脂肪细胞具有生物标志物，并释放能够调节途径和表达基因的脂肪因子，最终导致代谢变化的发展，例如能量平衡和肠道微生物群的变化，以及一些合并症的发展，糖尿病、血脂异常、高血压、肝脏疾病、癌症、过敏、骨质疏松症、肌肉减少症和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停。因此，有必要使用基于健康饮食以及定期体育和休闲活动的传统方法来治疗和/或预防病理。