COVID-19 has challenged people worldwide to comply with strict lock-downs and meticulous healthcare instructions. Can states harness enclave communities to comply with the law in such crucial times, even when compliance conflicts with communal sources of authority? We investigated this question through the case of Israeli ultra-Orthodox schools compliance with COVID-19 regulations. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with school principals, documents and media sources, and a field survey, we found that the state has the capacity to quickly internalize new norms and harness the cooperation of previously suspicious communities. At the same time, we found that communal authorities were able to shield widespread communal defiance from legal enforcement. These findings expose the bidirectionality of legal socialization: As the community uses its defiance power to attenuate the law, it socializes public authorities to accede to their bounded authority. As public authorities come to realize that the community cannot be brought to full compliance, they curtail enforcement efforts and socialize the community to operate outside the law. Our findings animate the reciprocity assumption in legal socialization theory and highlight one of the crucial tasks for the next 50 years of research: to examine the bidirectionality of legal socialization and discover its socio-legal effects.

中文翻译：

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双向法律社会化与法律边界：飞地社区遵守 COVID-19 法规的案例

COVID-19 向世界各地的人们提出了挑战，要求他们遵守严格的封锁和细致的医疗指示。在这样的关键时刻，即使合规性与公共权力来源相冲突，国家能否利用飞地社区来遵守法律？我们通过以色列极端正统派学校遵守 COVID-19 法规的案例调查了这个问题。根据对学校校长的半结构化访谈、文件和媒体来源以及实地调查，我们发现国家有能力快速内化新规范并利用先前可疑社区的合作。与此同时，我们发现社区当局能够保护广泛的社区反抗行为免受法律执行。这些发现揭示了法律社会化的双向性：当社区利用其蔑视权力削弱法律时，它使公共当局社会化以接受其有限的权威。随着公共当局逐渐意识到社区无法完全遵守规定，他们减少了执法力度，并让社区在法律之外运作。我们的研究结果激发了法律社会化理论中的互惠假设，并强调了未来 50 年研究的关键任务之一：检验法律社会化的双向性并发现其社会法律影响。