ABSTRACT

Green infrastructure, utilizing coastal ecosystems, provides a nature-based solution to counteract coastal hazards and rising sea level. Coastal forests, a major type of green infrastructure, are recognized as natural barriers against ocean waves. They can attenuate waves, mitigate erosion, and stabilize shorelines. With growing interests in coastal forests and their function of adapting to future risks, many researchers studied vegetation effects in coastal protection. Yet our limited expertise in quantifying vegetation-induced resistance limits the practical applications. This paper aims to review and categorize the studies related to wave attenuation and mitigation of sediment erosion by coastal forests and identify the potential directions in future works. We first reviewed field observations of extreme tsunami and weather events which showed the effectiveness of coastal forests in reducing wave energy. Next, we covered the studies on wave–vegetation interaction, including mathematical/numerical models and laboratory tests. We categorized the developed models based on different governing equations and introduced how vegetation effects were incorporated. We also discussed the experiments and vegetation models used in laboratory tests. Besides, we highlighted recent studies on the mitigation of coastal erosion. Finally, we recommend the potential directions to quantify the effects of coastal forests on wave attenuation and sedimentation.

摘要

利用沿海生态系统的绿色基础设施提供了一种以自然为基础的解决方案，以应对沿海灾害和海平面上升。沿海森林是一种主要的绿色基础设施，被认为是抵御海浪的天然屏障。它们可以减弱波浪、减轻侵蚀并稳定海岸线。随着人们对沿海森林及其适应未来风险的功能越来越感兴趣，许多研究人员研究了沿海保护中的植被效应。然而，我们在量化植被引起的抗性方面的有限专业知识限制了实际应用。本文旨在回顾和分类有关海岸森林波浪衰减和减轻沉积物侵蚀的研究，并确定未来工作的潜在方向。我们首先回顾了对极端海啸和天气事件的实地观察，这些观察显示了沿海森林在减少波浪能方面的有效性。接下来，我们介绍了波浪-植被相互作用的研究，包括数学/数值模型和实验室测试。我们根据不同的控制方程对开发的模型进行了分类，并介绍了如何结合植被效应。我们还讨论了实验室测试中使用的实验和植被模型。此外，我们强调了最近关于减轻海岸侵蚀的研究。最后，我们推荐了量化沿海森林对波浪衰减和沉积影响的潜在方向。包括数学/数值模型和实验室测试。我们根据不同的控制方程对开发的模型进行了分类，并介绍了如何结合植被效应。我们还讨论了实验室测试中使用的实验和植被模型。此外，我们强调了最近关于减轻海岸侵蚀的研究。最后，我们推荐了量化沿海森林对波浪衰减和沉积影响的潜在方向。包括数学/数值模型和实验室测试。我们根据不同的控制方程对开发的模型进行了分类，并介绍了如何结合植被效应。我们还讨论了实验室测试中使用的实验和植被模型。此外，我们强调了最近关于减轻海岸侵蚀的研究。最后，我们推荐了量化沿海森林对波浪衰减和沉积影响的潜在方向。