Background: Determinants of changes in cognitive function during aging are not well understood. We aimed to estimate the effects of depression-, anxiety- and anger symptoms on cognition and on cognition changes, especially on changes in episodic memory (EM) and executive functioning (EF). Methods: We analyze data from the Mid-Life in the Midlife in the United States Biomarker study at two time points including n=710 women, and n=542 men (1996/1997) at the first assessment and n=669 women, and n=514 men at the second assessment (2013/14). To assess cognition we used the Brief Test of Adult Cognition (BTACT). To measure depression-, anxiety- and anger symptoms we used the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). We used repeated models analyses to explore changes in cognition, and repeated measures linear mixed-effects models to investigate depression, anxiety and anger effects on cognition. Results: At the first assessment, women had significantly better episodic memory functioning than men; men in the oldest age group had significant better executive functioning. At the second assessment, more education, and white ethnicity were associated with less negative changes on episodic memory and executive functioning. Depression- and anger symptoms were associated with declines in episodic memory among women; anxiety symptoms were associated with declines in episodic memory and executive functioning in both gender in men (EF: β: -0.02 (95% CI -0.03, - 0.01; EM: β -0.02 (-0.02, 95% CI: -0.03, - 0.01) and in women (EF: β -0.01, 95% CI: -0.02, - 0.0004; EM: β -0.013, 95% CI: -0.03, -0.001). Conclusions: Depression-, anxiety- and anger symptoms were associated with changes in episodic memory and executive functioning. Further longitudinal studies are critical in populations in more countries to better understand the impact of depression, anxiety and anger symptoms on cognition changes.

中文翻译：

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抑郁、焦虑、愤怒和认知功能：一项纵向前瞻性研究的结果

背景：衰老过程中认知功能变化的决定因素尚不清楚。我们旨在评估抑郁、焦虑和愤怒症状对认知和认知变化的影响，尤其是对情景记忆 (EM) 和执行功能 (EF) 变化的影响。方法：我们在两个时间点分析来自美国中年生物标志物研究的中年数据，包括首次评估时 n=710 名女性和 n=542 名男性 (1996/1997) 和 n=669 名女性，以及第二次评估（2013/14 年）时 n=514 名男性。为了评估认知，我们使用了成人认知简要测试 (BTACT)。为了测量抑郁、焦虑和愤怒症状，我们使用了情绪和焦虑症状问卷 (MASQ)、流行病学研究中心抑郁量表 (CES-D) 和状态-特质愤怒表达量表 (STAXI)。我们使用重复模型分析来探索认知的变化，并使用重复测量线性混合效应模型来研究抑郁、焦虑和愤怒对认知的影响。结果：在第一次评估中，女性的情景记忆功能明显优于男性；年龄最大的男性的执行功能明显更好。在第二次评估中，更多的教育和白人种族与情景记忆和执行功能的负面变化较少相关。抑郁和愤怒症状与女性情景记忆力下降有关；焦虑症状与男性两性的情景记忆和执行功能下降有关（EF：β：-0.02（95% CI -0.03，- 0.01；EM：β -0.02（-0.02，95% CI：-0.03， - 0.01）和女性（EF：β -0.01，95% CI：-0.02，- 0.0004；EM：β -0。013、95% 置信区间：-0.03、-0.001）。结论：抑郁、焦虑和愤怒症状与情景记忆和执行功能的变化有关。进一步的纵向研究对更多国家的人群至关重要，以更好地了解抑郁、焦虑和愤怒症状对认知变化的影响。