abstract:

This article shows how the Ottoman understanding of "useful sciences" was reserved for the religious sciences, offering an alternative reading to the present scholarship on Useful and Reliable Knowledge (URK), which emphasizes economic gain. As religious obligations, like the call for prayer, required precise timekeeping, pursuing astronomical knowledge was deemed "useful." Timekeepers and Sufi mystics (dervishes) represent a link between artisanal and scientific knowledge in Ottoman Turkey between the sixteenth and the nineteenth century. Combining their scholarly knowledge and artisanal skills, they produced traditional time-measuring instruments like quadrants and sundials. With the advent of the mechanical clock in the Ottoman Empire, dervishes became engaged in clock-making. Timekeepers kept producing quadrants, while they also acquired skills in repairing and setting mechanical clocks. This understanding prevailing among madrasa (religious) scholars changed drastically in the nineteenth century when scholars trained in modern schools translated European scientific and technical texts that were defined as holders of useful knowledge.

摘要：

这篇文章展示了奥斯曼帝国对“有用科学”的理解是如何保留给宗教科学的，为目前强调经济收益的有用和可靠知识 (URK) 奖学金提供了另一种阅读方式。由于宗教义务，如祈祷的呼吁，需要精确计时，因此追求天文知识被认为是“有用的”。计时员和苏菲派神秘主义者（苦行僧）代表了 16 至 19 世纪奥斯曼土耳其的手工艺知识和科学知识之间的联系。结合他们的学术知识和手工技能，他们生产了传统的时间测量仪器，如象限和日晷。随着奥斯曼帝国机械钟的出现，苦行僧开始从事钟表制作。计时员不断产生象限，同时他们还获得了修理和设置机械时钟的技能。这种在 madrasa（宗教）学者中盛行的理解在 19 世纪发生了巨大变化，当时在现代学校接受培训的学者翻译了被定义为有用知识持有者的欧洲科学和技术文本。