Reviewed by:

• Making Industrial Pittsburgh Modern: Environment, Landscape, Transportation, and Planning by Edward K. Muller and Joel A. Tarr
• Paul van de Laar (bio)

Making Industrial Pittsburgh Modern: Environment, Landscape, Transportation, and Planning By Edward K. Muller and Joel A. Tarr. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019. Pp. 504.

The urban history of industrial Pittsburgh is written in coke, steel, and smoke. Situated in southwestern Pennsylvania, west of the Allegheny Mountains, formed by the convergence of the three rivers—Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio—Pittsburgh's development was driven by a tremendous growth of industrial corporate capitalism. The spatial expansion, which started in the 1870s, shaped a metropolitan region that counted about 1.5 million inhabitants around 1920. This golden era is not considered as a period of ultimate industrial aesthetics, but as one of the darkest for smoke pollution: "Cloud by day and fire by night" (p. 275).

Since the interwar period, Pittsburgh has undergone two renaissances, the first starting in the late 1940s and extending into the 1960s, when the city government tried to revitalize downtown and improve the Smoky City's image by enhancing its air and water quality. However, steel and coal barons opposed alternative growth models threatening their economic power, and civic reformers overestimated their role in effectively changing existing industrial patterns.

Starting in the 1960s, established public-private coalitions were increasingly distrusted by new democratic welfare and civil rights movements. This social-cultural transition paved the way for a second renaissance, beginning in 1977 and aiming at advancing new, less-polluting and higher added-value industries and services. The dramatic collapse of Pittsburgh's industrial status could only be met by a drastic reconceptualization of social, urban, and environmental life. The era of steel and smoke is not forgotten, but is now seen as a heritage industry, aiming to rebuild community pride and identity, mixed with postindustrial redevelopments. The story of Pittsburgh resembles that of many an industrial and port city that once benefitted from a highly specialized industry or service to gain a comparative regional or national advantage (Porfyriou and Sepe, eds., Waterfronts Revisited, 2017; Koven and Koven, Growth, Decline, and Regeneration in Large Cities, 2018).

Edward Muller and Joel Tarr, two distinguished Pittsburghian scholars, collected sixteen papers they had previously published in various journals that deal with the industrial foundation of the city, transportation and the rise of the modern city, the energy and environment of the city, and the planned modern city.

The long-lasting power of existing interests, embedded in metal-coal [End Page 624] utilitarian networks, is highly evident when the authors discuss the environmental aspects of Pittsburgh. Clear skies signaled unemployment and closed factories, whereas smoke meant prosperity. For instance, in 1939 the city council voted against smoke control to save jobs. When causes and effects of industrial waste for public health were not clearly defined, politicians remained idle to act and favored voluntary cooperation. Verbal assurances that business would control waste and pollution were ineffective without legal pressure. Key industries such as steel and coal pushed hard to set the standards for implementation and thus slowed down progress. The chapters reveal wicked problems, created by the relationship between business-led, cost-effective, industrial technology and public policy considerations. Because of economic and technological factors, pollution burdens were often shifted from one source of pollution to another. Controlling visible smoke, for instance, masked the need for interventions to control air pollution. Lack of knowledge, confusion over the origins and causes, and in particular cost control for private investors and fiscal considerations were the major factors slowing down decision processes. But perhaps the biggest barrier was the absence of a holistic view of industrial, environmental, and health policies. After more than one hundred years of mass-industrialization of the rivers and riverfronts, they were denaturalized and seen as industrial infrastructure.

This book is highly recommended. The case studies are rich and meaningful, demonstrating lessons to be learnt from past fallacies and how legacies of environmental neglect will impact future decision making. Yet the question remains...

审核人：

• 使工业匹兹堡现代化：环境、景观、交通和规划，爱德华 K.穆勒和乔尔 A.塔尔
• 保罗·范德拉尔（生物）

使工业匹兹堡现代化：环境、景观、交通和规划作者：Edward K. Muller 和 Joel A. Tarr。匹兹堡：匹兹堡大学出版社，2019 年。Pp。504.

工业匹兹堡的城市历史是用焦炭、钢铁和烟雾书写的。匹兹堡位于宾夕法尼亚州西南部，阿勒格尼山脉以西，由阿勒格尼河、莫农加希拉河和俄亥俄州三河汇合而成，工业企业资本主义的迅猛发展推动了匹兹堡的发展。始于 1870 年代的空间扩张在 1920 年左右形成了一个约有 150 万居民的大都市区。这个黄金时代不被认为是终极工业美学的时期，而是烟雾污染最黑暗的时期之一：“Cloud by白天和夜晚的火”（第 275 页）。

自两次世界大战期间，匹兹堡经历了两次复兴，第一次始于 1940 年代后期，一直延续到 1960 年代，当时市政府试图通过改善空气和水质来振兴市中心并改善大烟城的形象。然而，钢铁和煤炭巨头反对威胁他们经济实力的替代增长模式，而公民改革者高估了他们在有效改变现有工业格局方面的作用。

从 1960 年代开始，新的民主福利和民权运动越来越不信任已建立的公私联盟。这种社会文化转型为第二次复兴铺平了道路，复兴始于 1977 年，旨在推动新的、污染更少、附加值更高的工业和服务。匹兹堡工业地位的急剧崩溃只能通过对社会、城市和环境生活的彻底重新定义来应对。钢铁和烟雾的时代并没有被遗忘，但现在被视为一个遗产产业，旨在重建社区的自豪感和认同感，与后工业重建相结合。重新审视滨水区，2017 年；Koven 和 Koven，大城市的增长、衰退和再生，2018 年）。

Edward Muller 和 Joel Tarr 这两位杰出的匹兹堡学者收集了他们之前在各种期刊上发表的 16 篇论文，这些论文涉及城市的工业基础、交通和现代城市的兴起、城市的能源和环境以及城市的发展。规划的现代城市。

现有利益的持久力量，嵌入金属煤炭[第 624 页结束]当作者讨论匹兹堡的环境方面时，功利主义网络非常明显。晴朗的天空预示着失业和关闭的工厂，而烟雾则意味着繁荣。例如，1939 年，市议会投票反对控制烟雾以挽救工作。当工业废物对公共卫生的原因和影响没有明确界定时，政客们无所事事，倾向于自愿合作。如果没有法律压力，企业将控制浪费和污染的口头保证是无效的。钢铁、煤炭等重点行业标准实施力度加大，进度放缓。这些章节揭示了由企业主导、成本效益高、工业技术和公共政策考虑之间的关系造成的棘手问题。由于经济和技术因素，污染负担往往从一种污染源转移到另一种污染源。例如，控制可见的烟雾掩盖了控制空气污染的干预措施的需要。缺乏知识、对起源和原因的混淆，特别是私人投资者的成本控制和财政考虑是减缓决策过程的主要因素。但也许最大的障碍是缺乏对工业、环境和健康政策的整体看法。经过一百多年的河流和河滨大规模工业化，它们被非自然化并被视为工业基础设施。掩盖了控制空气污染的干预措施的必要性。缺乏知识、对起源和原因的混淆，特别是私人投资者的成本控制和财政考虑是减缓决策过程的主要因素。但也许最大的障碍是缺乏对工业、环境和健康政策的整体看法。经过一百多年的河流和河滨大规模工业化，它们被非自然化并被视为工业基础设施。掩盖了控制空气污染的干预措施的必要性。缺乏知识、对起源和原因的混淆，特别是私人投资者的成本控制和财政考虑是减缓决策过程的主要因素。但也许最大的障碍是缺乏对工业、环境和健康政策的整体看法。经过一百多年的河流和河滨大规模工业化，它们被非自然化并被视为工业基础设施。

这本书强烈推荐。案例研究丰富而有意义，展示了可以从过去的谬论中吸取的教训，以及环境忽视的遗产将如何影响未来的决策。然而问题依然存在……