Right to left shunt (RLS), from patent foramen ovale (PFO) or elsewhere, is a recognized risk factor for stroke. Current standard of care for RLS diagnosis includes transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) which is insensitive, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) which is invasive, and transcranial Doppler (TCD) which has excellent sensitivity and specificity for RLS but is heavily operator dependent and expertise is scarce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the RLS detection rate of a novel robotic-assisted TCD (ra-TCD) to standard of care diagnostic techniques, including TTE, TEE, and TCD.

中文翻译：

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带有气泡的新型机器人 TCD 超声与检测右向左分流的标准护理：研究方法

来自卵圆孔未闭 (PFO) 或其他地方的右向左分流 (RLS) 是公认的中风危险因素。目前 RLS 诊断的护理标准包括不敏感的经胸超声心动图 (TTE)、侵入性的经食道超声心动图 (TEE) 和经颅多普勒 (TCD)，后者对 RLS 具有极好的敏感性和特异性，但严重依赖于操作者且专业知识稀缺。本研究的目的是评估新型机器人辅助 TCD (ra-TCD) 对标准护理诊断技术（包括 TTE、TEE 和 TCD）的 RLS 检测率。