There has been heated debate over the test of dishonesty since it was first laid down in Royal Brunei Airlines v Tan. This paper argues that the essence of ‘dishonest’ assistance is willing participation in a breach of trust, that is, assistants endorse or accept their causal role in bringing it about. Three implications follow. First, the mental element should be fixed at the minimum level necessary to reflect endorsement rather than varying by the degree of causal contribution to the primary wrong. Second, the test of neither dishonesty nor knowledge fully captures the requisite mental element for endorsement. Third, a test framed in terms of intention and belief concerning the core elements of a breach would better identify the mental element of accessory liability in equity. This reformulated test would add much-needed transparency to mental element determination for equitable accessory liability.

中文翻译：

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公平附属责任中的心理因素

自从在文莱皇家航空公司诉 Tan 案中首次规定不诚实的测试以来，就一直存在激烈的争论。本文认为，“不诚实”协助的本质是自愿参与违反信任的行为，即助手认可或接受他们在造成这种信任方面的因果作用。三个含义如下。首先，心理因素应固定在反映认可所必需的最低水平，而不是根据对主要错误的因果贡献程度而变化。其次，对不诚实和知识的测试完全捕捉到了认可所必需的心理因素。第三，以关于违约核心要素的意图和信念为框架的测试将更好地确定衡平法中从属责任的心理要素。