The interest in nanomedicine for cancer theranostics has grown significantly over the past few decades. However, these nanomedicines need to overcome several physiological barriers intrinsic to the tumor microenvironment (TME) before reaching their target. Intrinsic tumor genetic/phenotypic variations, along with intratumor heterogeneity, provide different cues to each cancer type, making each patient with cancer unique. This brings additional challenges in translating nanotechnology-based systems into clinically reliable therapies. To develop efficient therapeutic strategies, it is important to understand the dynamic interactions between TME players and the complex mechanisms involved, because they constitute invaluable targets to dismantle tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the latest nanotechnology-based strategies for cancer diagnosis and therapy as well as the potential targets for the design of future anticancer nanomedicines.

在过去的几十年中，人们对用于癌症治疗学的纳米医学的兴趣显着增长。然而，这些纳米药物在达到其目标之前需要克服肿瘤微环境 (TME) 固有的几个生理障碍。固有的肿瘤遗传/表型变异以及肿瘤内异质性为每种癌症类型提供了不同的线索，使每位癌症患者都独一无二。这为将基于纳米技术的系统转化为临床可靠的疗法带来了额外的挑战。为了制定有效的治疗策略，了解 TME 参与者之间的动态相互作用和所涉及的复杂机制非常重要，因为它们构成了破坏肿瘤进展的宝贵目标。在本次审查中，