Until recently, western TV programming rarely featured sexual or ethnic minority members; if present, their representation was mostly negative. Increasingly, though, diverse characters start to play likeable protagonists as well. Thus, television can promote negative diversity attitudes and, at other times, positive ones. The present article reviews and connects theories and research from sociology, psychology, and media and communication studies to clarify the role of television in diversity attitudes formation and to identify directions for future research. Specifically, two research questions are addressed. First, through which processes does television influence diversity attitudes? Second, what features of TV shows contribute to positive diversity attitudes formation among viewers, according to different theories of television effects? Findings indicate that television can entrench existing negative diversity attitudes through the echo chamber phenomenon. However, TV content featuring numerous, likeable, attractive, and typical minority characters that have friendly interactions with the rest of society can promote positive diversity attitudes. Future research should study openness to view content with minority characters, examine the effects of the complete video media diets, check media effects in non-western countries, explore media effects in longitudinal studies and investigate what constitutes attractive, likeable, and typical representation of ethnic and sexual minorities.

中文翻译：

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电视节目能否促进对性少数群体和少数民族的接受？电视对多元化态度影响的文献综述

直到最近，西方电视节目很少以性或少数族裔成员为主角。如果存在，他们的代表大多是负面的。然而，越来越多的角色也开始扮演讨人喜欢的主角。因此，电视可以促进消极的多样性态度，有时也可以促进积极的态度。本文回顾并连接社会学、心理学、媒体和传播研究的理论和研究，以阐明电视在多元化态度形成中的作用，并确定未来研究的方向。具体来说，解决了两个研究问题。首先，电视通过哪些过程影响多样性态度？其次，电视节目的哪些特点有助于观众形成积极的多元化态度，根据不同的电视效果理论？调查结果表明，电视可以通过回声室现象巩固现有的消极多样性态度。然而，以众多、讨人喜欢、有吸引力和典型的少数民族角色为特色，与社会其他人有友好互动的电视内容可以促进积极的多元化态度。未来的研究应该研究对少数民族人物内容的开放性，检查完整的视频媒体饮食的影响，检查非西方国家的媒体效果，在纵向研究中探索媒体效果，并调查什么构成了有吸引力的、讨人喜欢的和典型的少数民族形象。和性少数。以众多、讨人喜欢、有吸引力和典型的少数民族角色为特色，与社会其他人有友好互动的电视内容可以促进积极的多元化态度。未来的研究应该研究对少数民族人物内容的开放性，检查完整的视频媒体饮食的影响，检查非西方国家的媒体效果，在纵向研究中探索媒体效果，并调查什么构成了有吸引力的、讨人喜欢的和典型的少数民族形象。和性少数。以众多、讨人喜欢、有吸引力和典型的少数民族角色为特色，与社会其他人有友好互动的电视内容可以促进积极的多元化态度。未来的研究应该研究对少数民族人物内容的开放性，检查完整的视频媒体饮食的影响，检查非西方国家的媒体效果，在纵向研究中探索媒体效果，并调查什么构成了有吸引力的、讨人喜欢的和典型的少数民族形象。和性少数。