This study explores the causal association between organic and inorganic fertilizer application and vegetable productivity in Ghana. Primary data were obtained from 300 pepper, cabbage and lettuce producers. To correct for self-selection bias and endogeneity, Heckman selection and three-stage least-squares models were estimated. More producers used inorganic fertilizers for pepper, cabbage and lettuce production than those who used organic fertilizers. Vegetable producers applied higher quantities of organic fertilizers (2830 kg) per acre than inorganic fertilizers (880 kg). Organic cabbage and lettuce producers recorded higher productivity than inorganic producers, but inorganic pepper producers had higher productivity than organic producers. However, vegetable producers who applied either organic or inorganic fertilizers, or both, recorded higher productivity than those who did not apply fertilizer. Factors that enhance the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and vegetable productivity are education, farm size and production for export, land ownership, farmer association membership and perception about fertilizer price. Organic and inorganic fertilizer application improves vegetable productivity, and productivity promotes fertilizer application. Private agencies and government should subsidize fertilizers, improve producers' access to agricultural information, and train producers on productivity-enhancing agronomic practices.

中文翻译：

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超越采用：有机和无机肥料施用与加纳蔬菜生产力之间的相互作用

本研究探讨了加纳有机和无机肥料施用与蔬菜生产力之间的因果关系。主要数据来自 300 家辣椒、卷心菜和生菜生产商。为了纠正自我选择偏差和内生性，估计了赫克曼选择和三阶段最小二乘模型。在辣椒、卷心菜和莴苣生产中使用无机肥料的生产者多于使用有机肥料的生产者。蔬菜生产者每英亩施用的有机肥（2830 公斤）高于无机肥（880 公斤）。有机卷心菜和莴苣生产者的生产力高于无机生产者，但无机辣椒生产者的生产力高于有机生产者。然而，使用有机或无机肥料或两者兼施的蔬菜生产者，记录了比不施肥的人更高的生产力。提高有机和无机肥料应用和蔬菜生产力的因素是教育、农场规模和出口产量、土地所有权、农民协会会员资格和对肥料价格的看法。施有机无机肥提高蔬菜产量，增产促进施肥。私营机构和政府应补贴化肥，改善生产者获取农业信息的途径，并对生产者进行提高生产力的农艺实践培训。农民协会成员和对化肥价格的看法。施有机无机肥提高蔬菜产量，增产促进施肥。私营机构和政府应补贴化肥，改善生产者获取农业信息的途径，并对生产者进行提高生产力的农艺实践培训。农民协会成员和对化肥价格的看法。施有机无机肥提高蔬菜产量，增产促进施肥。私营机构和政府应补贴化肥，改善生产者获取农业信息的途径，并对生产者进行提高生产力的农艺实践培训。