The most powerful particle accelerators operating in thunderclouds send in direction of the earth's millions and millions of electrons, gamma rays, and rarely neutrons. The emerging electrical structures in the atmosphere which make it possible to accelerate seed electrons from an ambient population of cosmic rays up to ≈70 MeV are still an area of intensive research. We discuss the main scenarios of the thundercloud charge structure supporting the emergence of an electric field strong enough to help electrons run away and create electron avalanches (RREA). After coming out of the accelerating electric field in the thundercloud, the RRE avalanche significantly attenuates and reaching the earth's surface is measured by the particle detectors and spectrometers as thunderstorm ground enhancement (TGE). Energy spectra of the measured fluxes of electrons and gamma rays can be used to reveal the charge structures giving rise to RREA. We perform simulation of the RREA development in the thundercloud with CORSIKA code and compare energy spectra of RREA corresponding to different configurations of the intracloud electric field with energy spectra of TGE measured in summer 2020. We invoke also additional evidence, namely the hydrometeor density profiles obtained with the weather research and forecast model (WRF) to confirm disclosed charge structures.

在雷云中运行的最强大的粒子加速器向地球上数以百万计的电子、伽马射线和很少有中子的方向发送。大气中新兴的电子结构使得可以将来自周围宇宙射线群的种子电子加速到 ≈70 MeV，这仍然是一个深入研究的领域。我们讨论了支持出现足够强的电场以帮助电子逃跑并产生电子雪崩 (RREA) 的雷云电荷结构的主要场景。从雷云中的加速电场出来后，RRE 雪崩显着衰减并到达地球表面，被粒子探测器和光谱仪测量为雷暴地面增强（TGE）。测量的电子和伽马射线通量的能谱可用于揭示引起 RREA 的电荷结构。我们使用 CORSIKA 代码对雷云中的 RREA 发展进行模拟，并将对应于云内电场不同配置的 RREA 能谱与 2020 年夏季测量的 TGE 能谱进行比较。我们还援引了额外的证据，即获得的水凝物密度分布使用天气研究和预测模型 (WRF) 来确认已披露的电荷结构。