Abnormal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activity is one of the most common findings from neuroimaging studies of individuals with compulsive disorders such as substance use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The nature of this abnormality is complex, however, with some studies reporting the OFC to be over-active in compulsive individuals relative to controls, whereas other studies report it being under-active, and a further set of studies reporting OFC abnormality in both directions within the same individuals. The OFC has been implicated in a broad range of cognitive processes such as decision-making and goal-directed action. OFC dysfunction could thus impair decision-making and goal-directed action, leading to the kinds of cognitive/behavioral deficits observed in individuals with compulsive disorders. One such deficit that could arise as a result of OFC dysfunction is an altered sensitivity to punishment, which is one of the core characteristics displayed by individuals across multiple types of compulsive disorders. It is, therefore, the aim of the current review to assess the evidence implicating the OFC in adaptation to punishment and to attempt to identify the critical factors that determine this relationship. We distill from this analysis some guidelines for future studies attempting to determine the precise role of the OFC in punishment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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扰乱眶额皮质会改变对惩罚的敏感性吗？强迫症的潜在机制。

异常的眶额皮质 (OFC) 活动是对患有强迫症（例如物质使用障碍和强迫症）的个体的神经影像学研究中最常见的发现之一。然而，这种异常的性质很复杂，一些研究报告说，相对于对照组，强迫性个体的 OFC 过度活跃，而其他研究则报告其活动不足，另外一组研究报告了两个方向的 OFC 异常同一个人内。OFC 涉及广泛的认知过程，例如决策和目标导向的行动。因此，OFC 功能障碍可能会损害决策和目标导向的行动，导致在患有强迫症的个体中观察到的各种认知/行为缺陷。由于 OFC 功能障碍而可能出现的一种缺陷是对惩罚的敏感性改变，这是个体在多种类型的强迫症中表现出的核心特征之一。因此，当前审查的目的是评估涉及 OFC 适应惩罚的证据，并试图确定决定这种关系的关键因素。我们从这一分析中提炼出一些指导方针，以供未来研究试图确定 OFC 在惩罚中的确切作用。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。当前审查的目的是评估涉及 OFC 适应惩罚的证据，并试图确定决定这种关系的关键因素。我们从这一分析中提炼出一些指导方针，以供未来研究试图确定 OFC 在惩罚中的确切作用。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。当前审查的目的是评估涉及 OFC 适应惩罚的证据，并试图确定决定这种关系的关键因素。我们从这一分析中提炼出一些指导方针，以供未来研究试图确定 OFC 在惩罚中的确切作用。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。