Quantum teleportation exemplifies how the transmission of quantum information starkly differs from that of classical information and serves as a key protocol for quantum communication and quantum computing. While an ideal teleportation protocol requires noiseless quantum channels to share a pure maximally entangled state, the reality is that shared entanglement is often severely degraded due to various decoherence mechanisms. Although the quantum noise induced by the decoherence is indeed a major obstacle to realizing a near-term quantum network or processor with a limited number of qubits, the methodologies considered thus far to address this issue are resource-intensive. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that allows optimal quantum teleportation via noisy quantum channels without additional qubit resources. By analyzing teleportation in the framework of generalized quantum measurement, we optimize the teleportation protocol for noisy quantum channels. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate that our protocol enables to teleport an unknown qubit even via a single copy of an entangled state under strong decoherence that would otherwise preclude any quantum operation. Our work provides a useful methodology for practically coping with decoherence with a limited number of qubits and paves the way for realizing noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing and quantum communication.

量子隐形传态证明了量子信息的传输与经典信息的传输截然不同，并且是量子通信和量子计算的关键协议。虽然理想的隐形传态协议需要无噪声量子通道来共享纯粹的最大纠缠态，但现实情况是，由于各种退相干机制，共享纠缠通常会严重退化。尽管退相干引起的量子噪声确实是实现具有有限数量量子比特的近期量子网络或处理器的主要障碍，但迄今为止考虑的解决此问题的方法是资源密集型的。在这里，我们展示了一种协议，该协议允许通过嘈杂的量子通道实现最佳量子隐形传态，而无需额外的量子位资源。通过在广义量子测量框架下分析隐形传态，我们优化了噪声量子信道的隐形传态协议。特别是，我们通过实验证明，我们的协议即使在强退相干下通过纠缠态的单个副本也能够传送未知量子位，否则会排除任何量子操作。我们的工作提供了一种有用的方法来实际处理有限数量的量子比特的退相干问题，并为实现嘈杂的中尺度量子计算和量子通信铺平了道路。我们通过实验证明，我们的协议即使在强退相干下通过纠缠态的单个副本也能够传送未知量子位，否则会排除任何量子操作。我们的工作提供了一种有用的方法来实际处理有限数量的量子比特的退相干问题，并为实现嘈杂的中尺度量子计算和量子通信铺平了道路。我们通过实验证明，我们的协议即使在强退相干下通过纠缠态的单个副本也能够传送未知量子位，否则会排除任何量子操作。我们的工作提供了一种有用的方法来实际处理有限数量的量子比特的退相干问题，并为实现嘈杂的中尺度量子计算和量子通信铺平了道路。