Green supply chain management encompasses every level of the supply chain. The core green supply chain management strategies include closed–loop manufacturing and reduction of carbon footprint. These strategies enable firms to improve their environmental profile and to comply with environmental regulations. This paper deals with a supply chain system integrating manufacturing, remanufacturing and repair activities (closed–loop manufacturing) to face a time-varying demand under the regulatory framework for carbon tax. Initially, the total cost of the system is provided and then a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem is formulated aiming to determine the optimal policy i.e. the manufacturing, remanufacturing and repairing cycles. After decomposing the original problem into two pure manufacturing and remanufacturing sub-problems, the existence of their optimal solution is proved and then a simple method, which relies on a finite search scheme, is used to determine the overall optimal solution. Through a variety of numerical examples and a sensitivity analysis, the effect of the different system parameters on costs and environmental efficiency are provided, such as: returns, carbon emissions generated per activity and rates of any activity. The main result of this analysis indicates that the proposed model is fairly robust to the parameters’ changes, however the tax on carbon emissions has a serious impact on the system optimal cost.

绿色供应链管理涵盖供应链的各个层面。核心绿色供应链管理策略包括闭环制造和减少碳足迹。这些策略使公司能够改善其环境状况并遵守环境法规。本文讨论了一个集成制造、再制造和维修活动（闭环制造）的供应链系统，以应对碳税监管框架下的时变需求。最初，提供系统的总成本，然后制定混合整数非线性规划问题，旨在确定最佳策略，即制造、再制造和维修周期。将原问题分解为纯制造和再制造两个子问题后，证明了它们的最优解的存在性，然后使用一种依赖于有限搜索方案的简单方法来确定总体最优解。通过各种数值例子和敏感性分析，提供了不同系统参数对成本和环境效率的影响，例如：回报、每次活动产生的碳排放和任何活动的比率。该分析的主要结果表明，所提出的模型对参数的变化具有相当强的鲁棒性，但碳排放税对系统最优成本有严重影响。提供了不同系统参数对成本和环境效率的影响，例如：回报、每项活动产生的碳排放和任何活动的比率。该分析的主要结果表明，所提出的模型对参数的变化具有相当强的鲁棒性，但碳排放税对系统最优成本有严重影响。提供了不同系统参数对成本和环境效率的影响，例如：回报、每项活动产生的碳排放和任何活动的比率。该分析的主要结果表明，所提出的模型对参数的变化具有相当强的鲁棒性，但碳排放税对系统最优成本有严重影响。