This article belongs to the special cluster, “National, European, Transnational: Far-right activism in the 20th and 21st centuries”, guest edited by Agnieszka Pasieka.

Research on populism attributes great significance to mapping the distinctive discursive logic of populist reasoning (e.g., the trope of pitting corrupt elites against the people). This article aims to move beyond the primary focus on discursive structures to stress the role of symbols, objects, and different modalities of circulation in the political communication of populist ideas, using the case of Hungary. By tracing the history of one of the key symbols of nationalist populism—the image of “Greater Hungary”—from its emergence in the interwar period to its present-day use, the article shows how the meanings and material forms this symbol assumed in political communication that evolved under different political regimes. The analysis builds on extensive archival, ethnographic, and online data to highlight how the diversity of material forms and the conduits through which this image circulated have contributed to its endurance as a key political symbol. Symbols, like the Greater Hungary image, condense complex historical narratives into a powerful sign that can be easily objectified, reproduced, and diffused. Today’s differentiated consumer markets provide convenient conduits for this kind of material circulation. These symbols carry meaning in and of themselves as signs, and once they are turned into everyday objects, they facilitate the normalization of radical politics by increasing their salience and broad visibility.

本文属于特集“国家、欧洲、跨国：20 世纪和 21 世纪的极右翼激进主义”，由 Agnieszka Pasieka 客座编辑。

民粹主义研究对于描绘民粹主义推理的独特话语逻辑（例如，腐败精英对抗人民的比喻）具有重要意义。本文旨在超越对话语结构的主要关注，以匈牙利为例，强调符号、对象和不同流通方式在民粹主义思想的政治传播中的作用。通过追溯民族主义民粹主义的一个关键符号之一——“大匈牙利”的形象——从它在两次世界大战期间的出现到今天的使用的历史，这篇文章展示了这个符号在政治中所假定的含义和材料是如何形成的。在不同的政治制度下发展起来的交流。分析建立在广泛的档案、人种学、和在线数据，以突出材料形式的多样性以及该图像传播的渠道如何促进其作为关键政治象征的持久性。象征，如大匈牙利形象，将复杂的历史叙述浓缩成一个强大的符号，可以很容易地客观化、复制和传播。如今差异化的消费市场为这种物质流通提供了便捷的渠道。这些符号作为符号本身就带有意义，一旦它们变成日常物品，它们就会通过增加它们的显着性和广泛的可见性来促进激进政治的正常化。将复杂的历史叙述浓缩成一个强大的符号，可以很容易地客观化、复制和传播。如今差异化的消费市场为这种物质流通提供了便捷的渠道。这些符号作为符号本身就带有意义，一旦它们变成日常物品，它们就会通过增加它们的显着性和广泛的可见性来促进激进政治的正常化。将复杂的历史叙述浓缩成一个强大的符号，可以很容易地客观化、复制和传播。如今差异化的消费市场为这种物质流通提供了便捷的渠道。这些符号作为符号本身就带有意义，一旦它们变成日常物品，它们就会通过增加它们的显着性和广泛的可见性来促进激进政治的正常化。