The production of dairy products is related to water and energy costs and generation of large amounts of emissions of pollutants. Full sustainability of these systems can be achieved by optimizing all activities in the supply chain (SC) taking into account not only the environmental and economic aspects, but also the social ones. This study proposes a multi-objective modeling approach for optimal design of three-echelon SC for production of dairy products according to different recipes while satisfying environmental, economic and social criteria defined in terms of costs. The environmental costs are associated with the generated wastewater from dairy production and CO₂ emissions due to energy consumed and transport of raw materials and products. The social ones are related to the employees hired for implementation of the SC activities. It was implemented on a real case study from Bulgaria. Four mix integer nonlinear programming optimization models were defined–one without and three with social impact consideration. They were solved at different values of the environmental and social constraints. The obtain results showed that stricter environmental constraints lead to higher economic costs and lower profit. Conversely, higher environmental constraints result in higher profit and lower economic costs. The greatest share in the environmental impact has the wastewater generated, followed by CO₂ emissions related with energy consumed and CO₂ emissions due to transport. The obtained solutions can be used in the decision-making process in terms of seeking a trade-off between profit, environmental and social impact.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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根据环境、经济和社会标准，在乳制品供应链的产品组合设计中进行可持续决策的方法

乳制品的生产与水和能源成本以及产生大量污染物排放有关。这些系统的完全可持续性可以通过优化供应链 (SC) 中的所有活动来实现，不仅考虑环境和经济方面，还考虑社会方面。本研究提出了一种多目标建模方法，用于根据不同配方生产乳制品的三梯队 SC 的优化设计，同时满足在成本方面定义的环境、经济和社会标准。环境成本与乳制品生产和 CO ₂产生的废水有关由于能源消耗和原材料和产品的运输而产生的排放。社会因素与为实施 SC 活动而聘用的员工有关。它是在保加利亚的真实案例研究中实施的。定义了四个混合整数非线性规划优化模型——一个没有考虑，三个考虑到社会影响。它们是在不同的环境和社会约束值下解决的。结果表明，更严格的环境约束导致更高的经济成本和更低的利润。相反，更高的环境约束会导致更高的利润和更低的经济成本。环境影响中最大的部分是产生的废水，其次是与能源消耗相关的 CO ₂排放和 CO ₂运输造成的排放。获得的解决方案可用于寻求利润、环境和社会影响之间的权衡的决策过程。

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