Most investigations conducted in the last four decades have shown a rising incidence of thyroid diseases worldwide. Although our knowledge of the molecular pathways of thyroid disease has advanced, the initial steps in thyroid cancerogenesis have not yet been sufficiently elucidated. However, recent human biomonitoring studies have shown that specific trace metals, as major endocrine disrupters, could be considered as risk factors for impaired thyroid health and the evolution of thyroid cancer (TC). In this review, the impact of essential and toxic trace metals from the environment on thyroid health and TC was evaluated. Furthermore, this review clarifies which trace metals most likely contribute to the etiology of TC. Biomarkers based on trace metal ratios are proposed. Overall, the information described in this review is expected to be useful in planning future fundamental and applied studies on the endocrine toxicity of essential and toxic trace metals.

过去四年中进行的大多数调查表明，全球甲状腺疾病的发病率正在上升。尽管我们对甲状腺疾病分子途径的了解有所进步，但尚未充分阐明甲状腺癌发生的初始步骤。然而，最近的人体生物监测研究表明，特定的微量金属作为主要的内分泌干扰物，可被视为甲状腺健康受损和甲状腺癌 (TC) 演变的危险因素。在这篇综述中，评估了来自环境的必需和有毒痕量金属对甲状腺健康和 TC 的影响。此外，本综述阐明了哪些微量金属最有可能导致 TC 的病因。提出了基于痕量金属比率的生物标志物。全面的，