This article discusses four examples of risk regulations in the United States, namely vehicle emissions, appliance efficiency, chemical safety, and the labeling of genetically modified food. In each example, consumer or environmental regulations were initiated at the state level despite business opposition. But when faced with a multiplicity of state product regulations, the affected firms decided to support the expansion of federal regulations. They were willing to accept stronger federal standards in order to preempt individual states from enacting more stringent standards than the federal government. This, in turn, led to a conflict between firms who wanted federal preemption of state restrictions and states who wanted to be able to enact regulations more stringent than those of the federal government. The outcomes of each of these conflicts over the scope of federal preemption had important impacts on each multilevel governance regulatory regime. The ability of both levels of the American government to enact more innovative risk regulations – often referred to as dynamic federalism – has made it more likely that they will be strengthened.

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抢占政治：美国联邦制和风险监管

本文讨论了美国的四个风险法规示例，即车辆排放、电器效率、化学安全和转基因食品标签。在每个例子中，消费者或环境法规都是在州一级发起的，尽管企业反对。但是，当面对众多的州产品法规时，受影响的公司决定支持扩大联邦法规。他们愿意接受更严格的联邦标准，以阻止个别州制定比联邦政府更严格的标准。这反过来又导致了希望联邦优先于州限制的公司与希望能够制定比联邦政府更严格的法规的州之间的冲突。在联邦优先权范围内，这些冲突中的每一个的结果都对每个多级治理监管制度产生了重要影响。美国两级政府制定更具创新性的风险法规（通常称为动态联邦制）的能力使其更有可能得到加强。