Abstract

Residualization refers to the process whereby publicly subsidized rental housing moves towards a position in which it provides only a safety net for low-income households. In this paper we quantify residualization based on the income profile of households in the below market rates (BMR) rental sector. Various residualization indicators for 12 European countries from EU-SILC data are calculated. First, we explore the effect of the size of the BMR sector and the cost of alternative tenure types on residualization. Second, we investigate if there are similar trends of residualization from 2005 to 2016. We find that decreases in the share of the BMR sector are associated with significant increases in residualization. Increases in rent differences between the BMR and market rate rental sector are related to larger degrees of residualization. We further observe a rising level of residualization for most countries. However, countries with allocation systems that aim at broader income groups still display the lowest degree of residualization.

摘要

剩余化是指政府补贴的出租房屋走向只为低收入家庭提供安全网的过程。在本文中，我们根据低于市场利率 (BMR) 租赁部门中家庭的收入状况来量化残差。计算了来自 EU-SILC 数据的 12 个欧洲国家的各种残差指标。首先，我们探讨了 BMR 部门的规模和替代权属类型的成本对剩余化的影响。其次，我们调查从 2005 年到 2016 年是否存在类似的残差趋势。我们发现 BMR 部门份额的下降与残差的显着增加有关。BMR 和市场租金部门之间租金差异的增加与更大程度的剩余化有关。我们进一步观察到大多数国家的剩余化水平不断上升。然而，分配系统针对更广泛收入群体的国家仍然表现出最低程度的剩余化。