The development of nanoparticles (NPs) and their incorporation into the membrane matrix for water and wastewater treatment is an emerging research area in modern times. Greywater (GW) treatment is gaining significant mileage of late owing wide variety of uses in nonpotable domestic and other industrial applications. The present study focuses on the indigenously synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) NPs and their amalgamation of 1–5% (wt) into polyphenyl sulfone (PPSU) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) i.e., PPSU-T0 to T5 for GW purification by ultrafiltration (UF) process. The 3% (wt) of TiO₂-loaded MMMs were optimized based on the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 40.20% of porosity, and 31.14 nm pore size by 49.4° contact angle with an outstanding performance of 16.97 MPa tensile strength, besides 10.71% of elongation-at-break, along with 92.59 L/m² h permeation and 99.43% of bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection with an 89.50% of flux recovery. In addition to this, the optimized membrane exhibited a low fouling tendency with a minimal flux declination, which helps in GW treatment. From the experimental results, the PPSU-T3 achieved a maximum flux of 45.63 L/m² h, with 80% water recovery by the removal of 95.54% turbidity, 94.20% color, 95.54% TSS and complete E. coli bacterial eradication at an applied pressure of 2 bar. Based on these observations, it can be deduced that the UF membrane played a vital role in GW purification, which can be further extended to desalination, surface water purification, protein concentration, and pre-treatment for nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) applications. The findings of this study; therefore, shall emerge as a viable alternative for freshwater consumption in vulnerable water-scared areas, besides using it in gardening, laundry, washing, and other industrial applications.

纳米粒子 (NPs) 的发展及其与用于水和废水处理的膜基质的结合是现代新兴的研究领域。由于在非饮用水家庭和其他工业应用中的广泛用途，灰水 (GW) 处理最近取得了重大进展。本研究的重点是本地合成的二氧化钛 (TiO ₂ ) NPs 和它们的 1-5% (wt) 合并成聚苯砜 (PPSU) 混合基质膜 (MMMs)，即 PPSU-T0 到 T5，用于通过超滤纯化 GW (UF) 过程。3% (wt) TiO ₂基于扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、40.20% 的孔隙率和 31.14 nm 的孔径和 49.4° 接触角获得的结果对负载的 MMM 进行了优化。除了 10.71% 的断裂伸长率、92.59 L/m ² h 渗透率和 99.43% 的牛血清白蛋白 (BSA) 截留率以及 89.50% 的通量回收率外，还具有 16.97 MPa 的出色拉伸强度。除此之外，优化的膜表现出低污染倾向，通量下降最小，有助于GW处理。从实验结果来看，PPSU-T3 的最大通量为 45.63 L/m ²  h，通过去除 95.54% 的浊度、94.20% 的颜色、95.54% 的 TSS 和完全在 2 巴的压力下根除大肠杆菌。基于这些观察，可以推断超滤膜在GW净化中发挥了至关重要的作用，可以进一步扩展到海水淡化、地表水净化、蛋白质浓缩以及纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）的预处理) 应用程序。本研究的结果；因此，除了将其用于园艺、洗衣、洗涤和其他工业应用之外，还应成为脆弱缺水地区淡水消耗的可行替代方案。