1. Dosidicus gigas is an ecologically and economically important squid species extensively distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Its habitat is extremely sensitive to climatic and environmental variability.
2. The relationship between habitat pattern of D. gigas and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO, divided into the El Niño, ENSO-neutral, and La Niña events) was assessed from 1950 to 2015, using a habitat suitability index (HSI) modelling approach including two crucial environmental variables: sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA).
3. On the basis of cross-correlation analysis, it showed that both SST anomaly and SSHA were significantly positively related to the ENSO index. Moreover, a significantly negative association was found between the HSI values and the ENSO index.
4. Due to the El Niño events, SST off Peru became higher and sea level rose, resulting in contracted areas of suitable SST and SSHA; consequently, suitable habitats for D. gigas dramatically decreased. In contrast, during the ENSO-neutral and La Niña years, the extent of suitable SST and SSHA increased due to the colder water and lower sea level, and suitable habitat for D. gigas expanded.
5. Moreover, the latitudinal gravity centre of HSI was significantly positively associated with the ENSO index. Relative to the ENSO-neutral and La Niña years, a southward movement of the monthly preferred SST isotherm for D. gigas during the El Niño years could explain the occurrence of more suitable habitats in southern waters off Peru.
6. These findings suggested that the ENSO event plays an important role in regulating environmental conditions off Peru and further affected the spatio-temporal distribution of D. gigas habitat.

中文翻译：

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厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对巨型鱿鱼栖息地的影响：对渔业管理的影响

1. Dosidicus gigas是一种广泛分布于东太平洋的具有重要生态和经济意义的鱿鱼品种。它的栖息地对气候和环境变化极为敏感。
2. 使用栖息地适宜性指数 (HSI) 建模方法评估了 1950 年至 2015 年间巨型 D. gigas 的栖息地格局与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO，分为厄尔尼诺、ENSO 中性和拉尼娜事件）之间的关系包括两个关键的环境变量：海面温度（SST）和海面高度异常（SSHA）。
3. 在互相关分析的基础上，SST异常和SSHA均与ENSO指数显着正相关。此外，在 HSI 值和 ENSO 指数之间发现了显着的负相关。
4. 受厄尔尼诺事件影响，秘鲁海域海温升高，海平面上升，形成适宜海温和SSHA的承包区域；因此，适合D. gigas 的栖息地急剧减少。相比之下，在ENSO中性年和拉尼娜年，由于海水较冷和海平面较低，适宜SST和SSHA的范围增加，适合D. gigas的栖息地扩大。
5. 此外，恒指纬向重心与ENSO指数呈显着正相关。相对于 ENSO 中性年和拉尼娜年，在厄尔尼诺年期间，巨型D. gigas的每月首选 SST 等温线向南移动可以解释在秘鲁南部水域出现更合适的栖息地。
6. 这些发现表明，ENSO 事件在调节秘鲁外海环境条件方面发挥着重要作用，并进一步影响了D. gigas栖息地的时空分布。