Copepods play a critical role in the marine food webs, being a food source for marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) from three types of oil: Naphthenic North Sea crude oil (NNS), Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO 180) and a commercial Marine Gas Oil (MGO). The WAFs were prepared at 10^°C and 30 PSU (practical salinity unit), and tested on the marine copepod Acartia tonsa at different endpoints and at different levels of biological organization. We determined the median lethal concentrations after 96 hours (LC50) and reproduction capabilities were calculated in adult females following seven days of exposure to sublethal WAF doses. The total lipid content was measured in reproductive females using Nile red lipophilic dye after 96 hours of WAF exposure. We also measured the transcription levels of genes involved in antioxidant response and xenobiotic biotransformation after short exposure for 48 hours. High doses (7% WAF) of MGO affected survival, percentage of fecund females, egg hatching success, and total lipid content. The IFO 180 WAF affected, at medium (20%) and high (40%) doses, the number of fecund females, mortality and produced significant effects on gene expression levels. In conclusion, toxicity assays showed that the WAFs prepared from refined oils were more toxic than crude oil WAF to Acartia tonsa.

桡足类在海洋食物网中发挥着关键作用，是海洋生物的食物来源。在本研究中，我们研究了三种油类中的水调节馏分 (WAF) 的毒性作用：环烷北海原油 (NNS)、中间燃料油 (IFO 180) 和商业海洋瓦斯油 (MGO)。WAF 在 10 ^° C 和 30 PSU（实用盐度单位）下制备，并在海洋桡足类动物 Acariatonsa上进行测试在不同的终点和不同的生物组织水平。我们确定了 96 小时后的中位致死浓度 (LC50)，并计算了成年女性在暴露于亚致死 WAF 剂量 7 天后的繁殖能力。在 WAF 暴露 96 小时后，使用尼罗红亲脂染料测量生殖雌性的总脂质含量。我们还测量了短时间暴露 48 小时后参与抗氧化反应和异生物质生物转化的基因的转录水平。高剂量 (7% WAF) 的 MGO 会影响存活率、可繁殖雌性的百分比、卵孵化成功率和总脂质含量。IFO 180 WAF 在中 (20%) 和高 (40%) 剂量下影响可生育雌性的数量、死亡率并对基因表达水平产生显着影响。综上所述，刺心草。