Mixed gel electrolytes were fabricated chemically at a temperature range of 2–5°C using some additives comparing with traditional electrolytes (1.26 g/cm 3 H 2 SO 4 ). The polyacrylamide (PAM) content is kept constant (0.2 wt%), while the propylene glycol (PPG) and nano fumed silica (NFS) contents varied. The material characteristics of samples were assessed by physical appearance observation, electrochemical measurements, and physicochemical methods. The results showed that a hard gel without separation of solutions was found in the case using a PAM/PPG/NFS ternary additive (0.2/0.1/0.6 wt%). The morphological structure (<50 nm) of mixed gel electrolytes was in the range of nanometer. The gas release on the PbSb electrode was strongly inhibited (92.2–93.7% for O 2 and ∼55% for H 2 at the 120th cycle), which will both contributes to reducing the pressure as well as limiting water loss in the sealed lead acid battery, compared with that in the sulfuric acid medium.

中文翻译：

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混合凝胶电解质：PbSb 电极上的合成、表征和气体释放

与传统电解质 (1.26 g/cm 3 H 2 SO 4 ) 相比，混合凝胶电解质是在 2–5°C 的温度范围内使用一些添加剂化学制造的。聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM) 含量保持恒定 (0.2 wt%)，而丙二醇 (PPG) 和纳米气相二氧化硅 (NFS) 含量则发生变化。通过物理外观观察、电化学测量和物理化学方法评估样品的材料特性。结果表明，在使用 PAM/PPG/NFS 三元添加剂 (0.2/0.1/0.6 wt%) 的情况下发现了没有溶液分离的硬凝胶。混合凝胶电解质的形态结构（<50 nm）在纳米范围内。PbSb 电极上的气体释放受到强烈抑制（在第 120 次循环时，O 2 为 92.2-93.7%，H 2 为约 55%），