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Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses
Conservation Biology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-31 , DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13761
Maria Pascual 1 , James Wingard 1 , Naila Bhatri 2 , Alyona Rydannykh 3 , Jacob Phelps 4
Affiliation  

Most countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high-biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large-scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like-for-like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).

中文翻译:

建立全球野生动物犯罪分类法

大多数国家都有许多管理生物多样性的立法,包括一系列刑事、行政和民法条款,规定了必须如何合法地使用、管理和保护野生动物。然而,有关保护的相关辩论,例如关于执法的争论,往往忽视了国家立法中定义哪些具体行为是非法的、法律适用的条件以及如何制裁的细节。基于对 8 个具有不同法律制度的高生物多样性国家的 90 项野生动物法律的审查,我们制定了一个分类法,描述了这些国家所有类型的野生动物犯罪。511 项罪行被组织成一个层次分类法,学者和从业者可以使用它来帮助进行法律分析。在加强、放松管制、改革野生动物立法,特别是应对对人畜共患病威胁和大规模生物多样性丧失的担忧。它可用于提供更多细微差别的法律分析并促进各国之间的同类比较,为重新起草保护法的过程提供信息,审查放松管制的努力,弥补漏洞并协调跨司法管辖区的立法。我们应用该分类法比较了 8 个国家对狩猎受保护物种的制裁。我们发现不仅罚款(0 美元至 200,000 美元)和监禁期限(1.5 年至无期徒刑)的范围很大,而且在设计针对野生动物犯罪的制裁措施方面也存在根本不同的方法。该分类法还说明了如何为其他环境问题(例如,入侵物种、保护区)制定未来的法律分类法。特别是为了应对对人畜共患威胁和大规模生物多样性丧失的担忧。它可用于提供更多细微差别的法律分析并促进各国之间的同类比较,为重新起草保护法的过程提供信息,审查放松管制的努力,弥补漏洞并协调跨司法管辖区的立法。我们应用该分类法比较了 8 个国家对狩猎受保护物种的制裁。我们发现不仅罚款(0 美元至 200,000 美元)和监禁期限(1.5 年至无期徒刑)的范围很大,而且在设计针对野生动物犯罪的制裁措施方面也存在根本不同的方法。该分类法还说明了如何为其他环境问题(例如,入侵物种、保护区)制定未来的法律分类法。特别是为了应对对人畜共患威胁和大规模生物多样性丧失的担忧。它可用于提供更多细微差别的法律分析并促进各国之间的同类比较,为重新起草保护法的过程提供信息,审查放松管制的努力,弥补漏洞并协调跨司法管辖区的立法。我们应用该分类法比较了 8 个国家对狩猎受保护物种的制裁。我们发现不仅罚款(0 美元至 200,000 美元)和监禁期限(1.5 年至无期徒刑)的范围很大,而且在设计针对野生动物犯罪的制裁措施方面也存在根本不同的方法。该分类法还说明了如何为其他环境问题(例如,入侵物种、保护区)制定未来的法律分类法。
更新日期:2021-05-31
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