Purpose of Review

Forest research has shown for a long time that microorganisms influence tree-insect interactions, but the complexity of microbial communities, as well as the holobiont nature of both trees and insect herbivores, has only recently been taken fully into account by forest entomologists and ecologists. In this article, we review recent findings on the effects of tree-insect-microbiome interactions on the health of tree individuals and discuss whether and how knowledge about tree and insect microbiomes could be integrated into forest health management strategies. We then examine the effects tree-insect-microbiome interactions on forest biodiversity and regeneration, highlighting gaps in our knowledge at the ecosystem scale.

Recent Findings

Multiple studies show that herbivore damage in forest ecosystems is clearly influenced by tripartite interactions between trees, insects and their microbiomes. Recent research on the plant microbiome indicates that microbiomes of planted trees could be managed at several stages of production, from seed orchards to mature forests, to improve the resistance of forest plantations to insect pests. Therefore, the tree microbiome could potentially be fully integrated into forest health management strategies.

Summary

To achieve this aim, future studies will have to combine, as has long been done in forest research, holistic goals with reductionist approaches. Efforts should be made to improve our understanding of how microbial fluxes between trees and insects determine the health of forest ecosystems, and to decipher the underlying mechanisms, through the development of experimental systems in which microbial communities can be manipulated. Knowledge about tree-insect-microbiome interactions should then be integrated into spatial models of forest dynamics to move from small-scale mechanisms to forest ecosystem-scale predictions.

中文翻译：

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树木和昆虫具有微生物组：对森林健康和管理的影响

审查目的

长期以来，森林研究表明，微生物会影响树木-昆虫的相互作用，但微生物群落的复杂性，以及树木和昆虫食草动物的全生物性质，直到最近才被森林昆虫学家和生态学家充分考虑。在本文中，我们回顾了最近关于树木-昆虫-微生物组相互作用对树木个体健康影响的研究结果，并讨论了有关树木和昆虫微生物组的知识是否以及如何能够融入森林健康管理策略。然后，我们研究了树-昆虫-微生物组相互作用对森林生物多样性和再生的影响，突出了我们在生态系统尺度上的知识差距。

最近的发现

多项研究表明，森林生态系统中食草动物的损害显然受到树木、昆虫及其微生物群落之间三方相互作用的影响。最近对植物微生物组的研究表明，可以在从种子园到成熟林的多个生产阶段管理人工林的微生物组，以提高人工林对害虫的抵抗力。因此，树木微生物组有可能完全整合到森林健康管理策略中。

概括

为实现这一目标，未来的研究必须像森林研究中长期以来所做的那样，将整体目标与还原论方法结合起来。应该努力提高我们对树木和昆虫之间的微生物通量如何决定森林生态系统健康的理解，并通过开发可以操纵微生物群落的实验系统来破译潜在的机制。然后，应将有关树木-昆虫-微生物组相互作用的知识整合到森林动态的空间模型中，以从小规模机制转向森林生态系统规模预测。