Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest among systemic researchers and clinicians to address issues related to psychological traumatic stress. Yet, research in this area has largely focused on intrapersonal and physiological processes in conceptualizing traumatic stress and its various outcomes. Despite the usefulness of intrapersonally focused models of traumatic stress, this approach has its limitations. Emerging evidence indicates that both proximal contexts, such as family, and distal socioecological contexts, such as political and environmental systems, can have a profound effect on traumatic stress risk, presentation, and recovery. In the present article, we review and synthesize emerging research on traumatic stress and integrate findings from intrapersonally and systemically focused models of traumatic stress. We propose and present evidence for what we term the dynamic socioecological framework of traumatic stress, a heuristic framework for conceptualizing the interactions between different forms of traumatic stress. This framework puts forward the dimensions of traumatic stress typology, severity, and timing, underscoring how traumatic stress risk, presentation, and recovery are highly dependent upon the systems in which people are embedded. We conclude with a discussion of the research and clinical implications of this conceptual framework.

中文翻译：

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扩展创伤压力框架以纳入社会生态家庭系统视角

在过去的几十年里，系统研究人员和临床医生对解决与心理创伤压力相关的问题越来越感兴趣。然而，该领域的研究主要集中在将创伤性压力及其各种结果概念化的个人和生理过程。尽管以个人为中心的创伤压力模型很有用，但这种方法有其局限性。新出现的证据表明，近端环境（如家庭）和远端社会生态环境（如政治和环境系统）都可能对创伤性压力风险、表现和恢复产生深远影响。在本文中，我们回顾和综合了关于创伤压力的新兴研究，并整合了来自个人和系统聚焦的创伤压力模型的研究结果。我们提出并提供了我们称之为创伤压力的动态社会生态框架的证据，这是一个用于概念化不同形式创伤压力之间相互作用的启发式框架。该框架提出了创伤压力类型、严重程度和时间的维度，强调了创伤压力风险、表现和恢复如何高度依赖于人们所处的系统。最后，我们讨论了这个概念框架的研究和临床意义。强调创伤性压力风险、表现和恢复如何高度依赖于人们所处的系统。最后，我们讨论了这个概念框架的研究和临床意义。强调创伤性压力风险、表现和恢复如何高度依赖于人们所处的系统。最后，我们讨论了这个概念框架的研究和临床意义。