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Concentrated or Fragmented? The U.S. Market for Online Higher Education
Research in Higher Education ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-28 , DOI: 10.1007/s11162-021-09639-7
John J Cheslock 1 , Ozan Jaquette 2
Affiliation  

As the financial challenges facing the U.S higher education industry mount, colleges and universities seek new activities that can improve their financial situation. Online education programs are often viewed as a promising option due to growing student interest and the substantial net revenue generated by early entrants that leveraged economies of scale and scope. The number of schools that can experience similar outcomes will depend upon whether the online market is primarily concentrated, with a small number of higher education institutions enrolling most students, rather than fragmented, with large numbers of institutions enrolling meaningful amounts of online students. We examine this topic by providing the first detailed study of market concentration in online education. We first introduce a theory from economics, Sutton’s model of endogenous fixed costs, to the higher education literature to highlight key dynamics that shape concentration levels. Using institution-level enrollment data for the population of Title IV postsecondary institutions, we then empirically examine concentration levels in online education. We find that relative to in-person education, national online enrollment patterns are heavily concentrated. The online market has a distinctive structure, consisting of a small number of large national providers and a large number of small local providers. Online enrollment patterns became less concentrated between Fall 2012 and Fall 2018 due to major enrollment declines of large for-profit providers. Concentration levels, however, plateaued by the end of the period due to rapid enrollment growth at large national nonprofit providers.



中文翻译:

集中还是分散?美国在线高等教育市场

随着美国高等教育行业面临的财务挑战越来越大,学院和大学寻求可以改善其财务状况的新活动。由于学生兴趣的增长以及利用规模经济和范围经济的早期进入者产生的可观净收入,在线教育计划通常被视为一个有前途的选择。能够获得类似结果的学校数量将取决于在线市场是否主要集中,少数高等教育机构招收了大多数学生,而不是分散的,大量机构招收了大量在线学生。我们通过提供在线教育市场集中度的第一个详细研究来研究这个主题。我们首先介绍一个经济学的理论,Sutton 的内生固定成本模型,在高等教育文献中强调了塑造集中度水平的关键动态。然后,我们使用 Title IV 高等教育机构人口的机构级入学数据,实证检验在线教育的集中度。我们发现,相对于面对面教育,全国在线招生模式高度集中。在线市场具有独特的结构,由少数大型国家供应商和大量小型本地供应商组成。由于大型营利性提供商的入学率大幅下降,在线入学模式在 2012 年秋季至 2018 年秋季之间变得不那么集中。然而,由于大型国家非营利机构的入学人数快速增长,集中度水平在该期间结束时趋于稳定。到高等教育文献,以突出形成浓度水平的关键动态。然后,我们使用 Title IV 高等教育机构人口的机构级入学数据,实证检验在线教育的集中度。我们发现,相对于面对面教育,全国在线招生模式高度集中。在线市场具有独特的结构,由少数大型国家供应商和大量小型本地供应商组成。由于大型营利性提供商的入学率大幅下降,在线入学模式在 2012 年秋季至 2018 年秋季之间变得不那么集中。然而,由于大型国家非营利机构的入学人数快速增长,集中度水平在该期间结束时趋于稳定。到高等教育文献,以突出形成浓度水平的关键动态。然后,我们使用 Title IV 高等教育机构人口的机构级入学数据,实证检验在线教育的集中度。我们发现,相对于面对面教育,全国在线招生模式高度集中。在线市场具有独特的结构,由少数大型国家供应商和大量小型本地供应商组成。由于大型营利性提供商的入学率大幅下降,在线入学模式在 2012 年秋季至 2018 年秋季之间变得不那么集中。然而,由于大型国家非营利机构的入学人数快速增长,集中度水平在该期间结束时趋于稳定。

更新日期:2021-05-30
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