This study has developed and applied a framework to analyse barriers, opportunities, and potential solutions for the diffusion of alternative fuels, here exemplified by liquefied biogas (LBG) for heavy trucks. The study is based on expert and stakeholder interviews in Sweden. Also, the study estimates a cost example of using heavy duty LBG-trucks instead of conventional diesel trucks.

The framework is based on two previously published frameworks to categorise barriers, opportunities, and potential solutions and comprises five categories: financial, technical/commercial/physical, policy, public acceptability, and market structure/interaction barriers. Each category considers both the system and actor levels. The results of this study fit the framework's categories well, and the framework is appropriate for analysing the diffusion of liquefied biogas for heavy trucks, and other technologies with similar characteristics. The results further indicate that a network level, in addition to the system and actor levels, could advance our understanding of renewable energy diffusion.

The most mentioned opportunities were climate/environmental benefits, potential profitability, and newly introduced policies. The cost estimates show that given current taxes and policies in Sweden, the costs of using LBG-trucks are only marginally higher than those of using conventional diesel trucks.

Commonly cited barriers were financial issues, an unstable policy context, lack of infrastructure, and lack of knowledge. Suggested solutions for overcoming barriers were financial incentives, a stable policy context, demonstration projects, and information campaigns. Improved knowledge and working together throughout the biogas value chain, with a palette of renewable energy options, are important for accelerating a sustainable renewable fuel diffusion. Several policy instruments that currently exists in Sweden already target the mentioned barriers. Thus, it is important to continuously evaluate policy instruments to understand if they are effective and efficient, or if anything need to be changed to reach the targets of the policy instrument.

本研究开发并应用了一个框架来分析替代燃料扩散的障碍、机会和潜在解决方案，这里以重型卡车的液化沼气 (LBG) 为例。该研究基于瑞典的专家和利益相关者访谈。此外，该研究还估算了使用重型 LBG 卡车代替传统柴油卡车的成本示例。

该框架基于之前发布的两个框架，对障碍、机会和潜在解决方案进行分类，包括五个类别：财务、技术/商业/物理、政策、公众接受度和市场结构/互动障碍。每个类别都考虑系统和参与者级别。本研究的结果很好地符合框架的类别，该框架适用于分析重型卡车液化沼气的扩散，以及其他具有类似特征的技术。结果进一步表明，除了系统和参与者级别之外，网络级别可以促进我们对可再生能源扩散的理解。

提到最多的机会是气候/环境效益、潜在盈利能力和新出台的政策。成本估算显示，鉴于瑞典目前的税收和政策，使用 LBG 卡车的成本仅略高于使用传统柴油卡车的成本。

通常提到的障碍是财务问题、不稳定的政策环境、缺乏基础设施和缺乏知识。克服障碍的建议解决方案是财政激励、稳定的政策环境、示范项目和信息运动。提高知识并在整个沼气价值链中协同工作，以及一系列可再生能源选项，对于加速可持续的可再生燃料扩散非常重要。瑞典目前存在的一些政策工具已经针对上述障碍。因此，重要的是要不断评估政策工具，以了解它们是否有效和高效，或者是否需要更改任何内容以实现政策工具的目标。