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Experimental evaluation of herbicide use on biodiversity, ecosystem services and timber production trade-offs in forest plantations
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-29 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13936 Thomas D. Stokely 1, 2 , Urs G. Kormann 3, 4 , Jake Verschuyl 5 , Andrew J. Kroll 6 , David W. Frey 7 , Scott H. Harris 1 , Doug Mainwaring 8 , Doug Maguire 8 , Jeff A. Hatten 8 , James W. Rivers 8 , Stephen Fitzgerald 8 , Matthew G. Betts 1
中文翻译：
人工林中除草剂使用对生物多样性、生态系统服务和木材生产权衡的实验评估
更新日期：2021-05-29
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-29 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13936 Thomas D. Stokely 1, 2 , Urs G. Kormann 3, 4 , Jake Verschuyl 5 , Andrew J. Kroll 6 , David W. Frey 7 , Scott H. Harris 1 , Doug Mainwaring 8 , Doug Maguire 8 , Jeff A. Hatten 8 , James W. Rivers 8 , Stephen Fitzgerald 8 , Matthew G. Betts 1
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- The value of non-commodity ecosystem services provided by forests is widely recognized, but intensive forest management practices are increasing, with uncertain consequences for a multitude of these services. Quantitative relationships among biodiversity conservation, timber production and other ecosystem services remain poorly understood, especially during the early-successional period of intensively managed forestlands.
- We manipulated management intensity in regenerating forest plantations to test the prediction that treatments aimed at maximizing timber production decrease biodiversity conservation and non-timber services. We measured species richness of 3 taxonomic groups and 13 proxies for provisioning, cultural and regulating services within stands randomly assigned to one of the three herbicide application intensities or an untreated control.
- Herbicides increased allocation of net primary production to crop trees, increasing projected timber volume and revenues at 40- and 60-year harvest ages. Commonly used herbicide prescriptions reduced culturally valued plants by 71%, wild-ungulate forage by 41%, avian richness by 20% and pollinator floral resources by 42%, the latter being associated with 38% fewer pollinator species. However, agriculturally valued bumblebees, pollination of blueberries, avian-mediated arthropod control, wild ungulate observations and regulation services tied to forest productivity appeared unaffected by increasing management intensity and timber production.
- Species richness and flora-provided services in young forest plantations exhibited strong trade-offs with projected timber production, whereas post-treatment vegetation regeneration and site-level variation likely maintained a range of other services. Although vegetation recovery is important for supporting wildlife and some ecosystem services on industrial forestlands, it is unlikely that any single prescription can optimize both timber and non-timber benefits to society across managed forest landscapes. Instead, producing different services in discrete portions of the landscape may be necessary.
- Synthesis and applications. We tested the effects of intensive forest management via herbicides on ecosystem services and found that biodiversity responses and services from early-successional vegetation trade-off against timber production. A number of services appeared to be compatible with timber production, although no single prescription optimized the full range of services. Stand-level biodiversity conservation and a variety of services could potentially be provided by treatment skips and less-intensive management on productive sites, although it is unlikely that all services can be optimized without landscape-level planning.
中文翻译：
人工林中除草剂使用对生物多样性、生态系统服务和木材生产权衡的实验评估
- 森林提供的非商品生态系统服务的价值得到广泛认可，但集约化森林管理做法正在增加，对众多这些服务产生不确定的后果。生物多样性保护、木材生产和其他生态系统服务之间的数量关系仍然知之甚少，特别是在集约管理林地的早期过渡时期。
- 我们操纵再生林人工林的管理强度，以测试旨在最大限度地提高木材产量的处理会降低生物多样性保护和非木材服务的预测。我们测量了随机分配到三种除草剂施用强度之一或未经处理的对照的林分内 3 个分类群和 13 个代理提供、培养和调节服务的物种丰富度。
- 除草剂增加了对农作物树木的净初级生产的分配，增加了 40 年和 60 年收获年龄的预计木材数量和收入。常用的除草剂处方使具有文化价值的植物减少了 71%，野生有蹄类动物的草料减少了 41%，鸟类丰富度减少了 20%，传粉者花卉资源减少了 42%，后者与传粉者物种减少了 38%。然而，具有农业价值的大黄蜂、蓝莓授粉、鸟类介导的节肢动物控制、野生有蹄类动物观察和与森林生产力相关的监管服务似乎并未受到管理强度和木材产量增加的影响。
- 幼林人工林的物种丰富度和植物群提供的服务与预计的木材生产表现出强烈的权衡，而处理后的植被更新和场地水平变化可能保持了一系列其他服务。尽管植被恢复对于支持工业林地的野生动物和一些生态系统服务很重要，但任何单一的处方都不太可能在管理的森林景观中优化木材和非木材的社会效益。相反，可能需要在景观的离散部分提供不同的服务。
- 合成与应用。我们测试了通过除草剂进行森林集约化管理对生态系统服务的影响，并发现早期演替植被的生物多样性响应和服务与木材生产之间存在平衡。许多服务似乎与木材生产兼容，尽管没有单一的处方优化了所有服务。尽管在没有景观级规划的情况下不可能优化所有服务，但可以通过处理跳跃和生产地点的低强度管理来潜在地提供展位级生物多样性保护和各种服务。
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