When specifying user requirements, not only is it critical to ensure correct and unambiguous specification of functional requirements, but also that of Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs). A critical success factor in Requirements Engineering (RE) involves recognizing conflicts among NFRs specified by multiple stakeholders having differing concerns, priorities, and responsibilities. There indeed are numerous attempts made in the literature to resolve the conflicts between two NFRs, with the traditional view of considering the two NFRs different from each other e.g. security conflicting with the availability. In this paper, however, we propose that to introduce fine-grained conflict resolution – by also focusing on those situations where one NFR conflicts with another NFR of the same type. For ease of understanding, we propose to differentiate such conflicts by coining the term intra-conflicts. Thus, we propose fine-grained conflict resolution – by focusing on the notion of resolving conflicts between two NFRs of the same type. Needless to say, non-detection of any conflict between two NFRs – whether the NFRs are of the same type or not – at an early stage of RE, leads to higher costs for changes. The process of conflict resolution is essentially intuitive and hence is iterative. Our proposal hence is motivated by a view that differentiating the inter-conflicts with intra-conflicts, helps one in better focusing on the conflict resolution. We also propose an approach that allows a requirements analyst to semi-automatically identify intra-conflicts among NFRs at an early stage of RE using natural language processing, machine learning, and ontology-based semantic analysis. The controlled experiments, conducted on five publicly available datasets, achieve an average recall, precision, and F-measure of 0.57, 0.77, and 0.65 respectively.

中文翻译：

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检测非功能性需求中的内部冲突

在指定用户需求时，不仅要确保功能需求的正确和明确的规范，而且非功能需求 (NFR) 的规范也是至关重要的。需求工程 (RE) 中的一个关键成功因素涉及识别由具有不同关注点、优先级和职责的多个利益相关者指定的 NFR 之间的冲突。在文献中确实有许多尝试解决两个 NFR 之间的冲突，传统观点认为两个 NFR 彼此不同，例如安全性与可用性冲突。然而，在本文中，我们建议引入细粒度的冲突解决方案——同时关注一个 NFR 与另一个相同类型的 NFR 发生冲突的情况。为了便于理解，内部冲突. 因此，我们提出了细粒度的冲突解决方案——通过关注解决同一类型的两个 NFR 之间的冲突的概念。不用说，在可再生能源的早期阶段，如果没有检测到两个 NFR 之间的任何冲突——无论 NFR 是否属于同一类型——都会导致更高的变更成本。解决冲突的过程本质上是直观的，因此是迭代的。因此，我们的提议是基于这样一种观点，即区分内部冲突和内部冲突有助于更好地关注冲突解决。我们还提出了一种方法，允许需求分析师使用自然语言处理、机器学习和基于本体的语义分析在 RE 的早期阶段半自动地识别 NFR 之间的内部冲突。对照实验，