High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and dementia. Mean blood pressure and the prevalence of raised blood pressure have declined substantially in high-income regions since at least the 1970s. By contrast, blood pressure has risen in East, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa. Given these trends, the prevalence of hypertension is now higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2015, an estimated 8.5 million deaths were attributable to systolic blood pressure >115 mmHg, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. Measures such as increasing the availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables, lowering the sodium content of packaged and prepared food and staples such as bread, and improving the availability of dietary salt substitutes can help lower blood pressure in the entire population. The use and effectiveness of hypertension treatment vary substantially across countries. Factors influencing this variation include a country’s financial resources, the extent of health insurance and health facilities, how frequently people interact with physicians and non-physician health personnel, whether a clear and widely adopted clinical guideline exists and the availability of medicines. Scaling up treatment coverage and improving its community effectiveness can substantially reduce the health burden of hypertension.

高血压是导致缺血性心脏病、中风、其他心血管疾病、慢性肾脏病和痴呆症的最重要危险因素之一。至少自 1970 年代以来，高收入地区的平均血压和高血压患病率已大幅下降。相比之下，东亚、南亚和东南亚、大洋洲和撒哈拉以南非洲地区的血压有所上升。鉴于这些趋势，现在低收入和中等收入国家的高血压患病率高于高收入国家。2015 年，估计有 850 万人死于收缩压 >115 mmHg，其中 88% 发生在低收入和中等收入国家。措施，例如提高新鲜水果和蔬菜的可用性和可负担性，降低包装和预制食品以及面包等主食的钠含量，并改善膳食盐替代品的供应，可以帮助降低整个人群的血压。高血压治疗的使用和有效性因国家而异。影响这种差异的因素包括一个国家的财政资源、健康保险和医疗设施的范围、人们与医生和非医生卫生人员互动的频率、是否存在明确和广泛采用的临床指南以及药物的可用性。扩大治疗范围并提高其社区有效性可以大大减轻高血压的健康负担。改善膳食盐替代品的可用性可以帮助降低整个人群的血压。高血压治疗的使用和有效性因国家而异。影响这种差异的因素包括一个国家的财政资源、健康保险和医疗设施的范围、人们与医生和非医生卫生人员互动的频率、是否存在明确和广泛采用的临床指南以及药物的可用性。扩大治疗范围并提高其社区有效性可以大大减轻高血压的健康负担。改善膳食盐替代品的可用性可以帮助降低整个人群的血压。高血压治疗的使用和有效性因国家而异。影响这种差异的因素包括一个国家的财政资源、健康保险和医疗设施的范围、人们与医生和非医生卫生人员互动的频率、是否存在明确和广泛采用的临床指南以及药物的可用性。扩大治疗范围并提高其社区有效性可以大大减轻高血压的健康负担。健康保险和医疗设施的范围，人们与医生和非医生卫生人员互动的频率，是否存在明确且广泛采用的临床指南以及药物的可用性。扩大治疗范围并提高其社区有效性可以大大减轻高血压的健康负担。健康保险和医疗设施的范围，人们与医生和非医生卫生人员互动的频率，是否存在明确且广泛采用的临床指南以及药物的可用性。扩大治疗范围并提高其社区有效性可以大大减轻高血压的健康负担。