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The Effects of Adult Aging and Culture on Theory of Mind
The Journals of Gerontology: Series B ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-21 , DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab093
Min Hooi Yong 1, 2 , Louisa Lawrie 3 , Alexandre Schaefer 4 , Louise H Phillips 3
Affiliation  

Objectives Older adults tend to have poorer Theory of Mind (ToM) than their younger counterparts, and this has been shown in both Western and Asian cultures. We examined the role of working memory (WM) in age differences in ToM, and whether this was moderated by education and culture (the United Kingdom vs. Malaysia). Methods We used 2 ToM tests with differing demands on updating multiple mental states (false belief) and applying social rules to mental state processing (faux pas). We also looked at the role of education, socioeconomic status, and WM. A total of 298 participants from the United Kingdom and Malaysia completed faux pas, false belief, and WM tasks. Results Age effects on some aspects of ToM were greater in the Malaysian compared to the UK sample. Malaysian older adults were poorer at faux pas detection, aspects of false belief, and WM compared to young adults. In subsequent moderated mediation analyses, we found that, specifically in the Malaysian sample, the mediating effects of WM on the age and ToM relationship occurred at the lowest levels of education. Discussion This pattern of results may reflect changes in the familiarity and cognitive load of explicit mental state attribution, along with cultural differences in the pace and nature of cognitive aging. Cultural differences in education and WM should be considered when researching age differences in ToM.

中文翻译:

成人老龄化和文化对心智理论的影响

目标 老年人的心理理论 (ToM) 往往比年轻人差,这在西方和亚洲文化中都有体现。我们研究了工作记忆 (WM) 在 ToM 年龄差异中的作用,以及这是否受到教育和文化的调节(英国与马来西亚)。方法 我们使用了 2 个 ToM 测试,对更新多种心理状态(错误信念)和将社会规则应用于心理状态处理(失礼)有不同的要求。我们还研究了教育、社会经济地位和 WM 的作用。共有来自英国和马来西亚的 298 名参与者完成了失礼、错误信念和 WM 任务。结果 与英国样本相比,年龄对 ToM 某些方面的影响在马来西亚更大。马来西亚老年人在失礼检测、错误信念方面较差,和 WM 与年轻人相比。在随后的调节中介分析中,我们发现,特别是在马来西亚样本中,WM 对年龄和 ToM 关系的中介作用发生在最低教育水平。讨论 这种结果模式可能反映了显性心理状态归因的熟悉度和认知负荷的变化,以及认知老化速度和性质的文化差异。在研究 ToM 中的年龄差异时,应考虑教育和 WM 方面的文化差异。讨论 这种结果模式可能反映了显性心理状态归因的熟悉度和认知负荷的变化,以及认知老化速度和性质的文化差异。在研究 ToM 中的年龄差异时,应考虑教育和 WM 方面的文化差异。讨论 这种结果模式可能反映了显性心理状态归因的熟悉度和认知负荷的变化,以及认知老化速度和性质的文化差异。在研究 ToM 中的年龄差异时,应考虑教育和 WM 方面的文化差异。
更新日期:2021-05-21
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