Allium leafminer, Phytomyza gymnostoma (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an invasive species first recorded in the Western Hemisphere in 2015 and has expanded its range into northeastern and MidAtlantic states. Its host range encompasses Allium species grown for food and ornamentals, weedy species, species used for pollinator provisioning, and species of conservation concern. Using field and laboratory studies, we advanced methods for rearing, developed a phenology model for spring emergence, describe pupal development, and report on parasitism. Spring emergence was best detected by scouting wild alliums as opposed to emergence cages, and modeled using 350 degree-days above a lower threshold of 1.0°C. Spring adult flight occurred for about 5 wk. Larval development required 22 and 20 d at 17.5 and 25°C, respectively. Pupal development progressed along a color gradient, and an initial presence of fat cell clusters and an air bubble, followed by an exarate pupa. Pupal developed at 3–5% per day at 3°C and reached 25% per day at 21.5°C, but development was not successful at 30°C. Although parasitism rates were low, we documented two Chalcidoidea parasitoids, Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Together, these data provide baseline information to advance IPM for this invasive species both in crops and noncrop areas.

中文翻译：

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美国最近入侵物种葱属潜叶虫（双翅目：Agromyzidae）的物候、发育和寄生

葱属潜叶虫，Phytomyza gymnostoma（双翅目：Agromyzidae）是一种入侵物种，于 2015 年首次记录在西半球，并已将其范围扩大到东北部和大西洋中部各州。其寄主范围包括为食用和观赏而种植的葱属物种、杂草物种、用于传粉媒介供应的物种以及受保护的物种。通过实地和实验室研究，我们改进了饲养方法，开发了春季出苗的物候模型，描述了蛹的发育，并报告了寄生现象。春季出苗最好通过侦察野生葱而不是出苗笼来检测，并使用高于 1.0°C 的较低阈值的 350 度日进行建模。春季成人飞行发生了大约 5 周。在 17.5 和 25°C 下，幼虫发育分别需要 22 和 20 天。蛹的发育沿着颜色梯度进行，最初出现脂肪细胞团和气泡，然后是一只异常的蛹。蛹在 3°C 时以每天 3-5% 的速度发育，在 21.5°C 时达到每天 25%，但在 30°C 时发育不成功。虽然寄生率很低，但我们记录了两种 Chalcidoidea parasitoids，Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 和 Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)。这些数据共同为在作物和非作物地区推进这种入侵物种的 IPM 提供了基线信息。我们记录了两种 Chalcidoidea parasitoids，Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 和 Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)。这些数据共同为在作物和非作物地区推进这种入侵物种的 IPM 提供了基线信息。我们记录了两种 Chalcidoidea parasitoids，Halticoptera circulus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) 和 Chrysocharis oscinidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)。这些数据共同为在作物和非作物地区推进这种入侵物种的 IPM 提供了基线信息。