In this review, we explain recent progress made in the Babcock–Leighton dynamo models for the Sun, which have been most successful to explain various properties of the solar cycle. In general, these models are two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric and the mean-field dynamo equations are solved in the meridional plane of the Sun. Various physical processes (e.g., magnetic buoyancy and Babcock–Leighton mechanism) involved in these models are inherently three-dimensional (3D) processes and could not be modeled properly in a 2D framework. After pointing out limitations of 2D models (e.g., mean-field Babcock–Leighton dynamo models and surface flux transport models), we describe recently developed next-generation 3D dynamo models that implement a more sophisticated flux emergence algorithm of buoyant flux tube rise through the convection zone and capture the Babcock–Leighton process more realistically than previous 2D models. The detailed results from these 3D dynamo models including surface flux transport counterparts are presented. We explain the cycle irregularities that are reproduced in 3D dynamo models by introducing scattering around the tilt angle only. Some results by assimilating observed photospheric convective velocity fields into the 3D models are also discussed, pointing out the wide opportunity that these 3D models hold to deliver.

在这篇综述中，我们解释了太阳 Babcock-Leighton 发电机模型的最新进展，这些模型最成功地解释了太阳周期的各种特性。通常，这些模型是二维 (2D) 轴对称模型，平均场发电机方程在太阳子午面求解。这些模型中涉及的各种物理过程（例如，磁浮力和 Babcock-Leighton 机制）本质上是三维 (3D) 过程，无法在 2D 框架中正确建模。在指出二维模型（例如，平均场 Babcock-Leighton 发电机模型和表面通量传输模型）的局限性之后，我们描述了最近开发的下一代 3D 发电机模型，该模型实施了更复杂的通量出现算法，浮力通量管上升通过对流区，并比以前的 2D 模型更真实地捕捉 Babcock-Leighton 过程。展示了这些 3D 发电机模型的详细结果，包括表面通量传输对应物。我们仅通过在倾斜角周围引入散射来解释在 3D 发电机模型中再现的循环不规则性。还讨论了将观测到的光球对流速度场同化到 3D 模型中的一些结果，指出了这些 3D 模型可以提供的广泛机会。展示了这些 3D 发电机模型的详细结果，包括表面通量传输对应物。我们仅通过在倾斜角周围引入散射来解释在 3D 发电机模型中再现的循环不规则性。还讨论了将观测到的光球对流速度场同化到 3D 模型中的一些结果，指出了这些 3D 模型可以提供的广泛机会。展示了这些 3D 发电机模型的详细结果，包括表面通量传输对应物。我们仅通过在倾斜角周围引入散射来解释在 3D 发电机模型中再现的循环不规则性。还讨论了将观测到的光球对流速度场同化到 3D 模型中的一些结果，指出了这些 3D 模型可以提供的广泛机会。