What is it like to give birth? Or have your first child? Or see red for the first time? Arguably, knowing how to answer these questions requires having certain experiences. Arguably you cannot get to know what it is like to give birth, for instance, by simply reading someone's birth story. If this is so, then there are certain limits on testimony as a source of knowledge. This claim is familiar: it has been argued that we cannot, or should not, rely on testimony when it comes to moral matters. And argued that we cannot, or should not, rely on testimony when it comes to aesthetic judgement. This paper aims to build an explanation of our pessimism about testimony as to what experiences are like that also covers moral and aesthetic testimony, about which we can be similarly pessimistic. And the explanation given is such that it can make good sense of the optimism we can demonstrate with respect to each of these domains.

中文翻译：

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传达你的观点

生孩子是什么感觉？或者有你的第一个孩子？还是第一次看到红色？可以说，知道如何回答这些问题需要有一定的经验。可以说，例如，您无法通过简单地阅读某人的出生故事来了解分娩的感觉。如果是这样，那么作为知识来源的证词就有一定的限制。这种说法很熟悉：有人认为，在涉及道德问题时，我们不能或不应该依赖证词。并辩称，在审美判断方面，我们不能或不应该依赖证词。本文旨在解释我们对证词的悲观态度，即经验是什么样的，这也包括道德和审美证词，对此我们也可以同样悲观。