Bike-sharing schemes (BSS) have now been implemented in many cities worldwide. Research has so far focused mainly on operating BSS, while closed BSS and comprehensive national overviews have attracted much less attention. This exploratory study is novel in that it compiles data from all of the station-based BSS ever implemented in Spain, allowing an in-depth evaluation of the evolution of the number of operating and closed BSS over time. It tracks the total number of bicycles and stations in operation at a national level and assesses specific features of the BSS, including both identification of common patterns in closed BSS and the level of use of operating BSS. Results show that 62% of BSS in Spain had closed by 2018. Closed BSS had fewer stations and were found in more economically deprived regions, and in cities with smaller populations. In terms of level of use, 38% of operating BSS report less than one trip per bicycle per day. All Spanish BSS larger than 30 stations had a 100% survival rate. Regression analysis was undertaken to assess the status of BSS (operating or closed) and the level of use. Both city population and age of the BSS were significant predictors of BSS survival and only the number of bicycles of a BSS had enough explanatory power for the level of use. This study describes the evolution of BSS in Spain and explores some of the features that might influence their survival.

自行车共享计划（BSS）现已在全球许多城市实施。迄今为止，研究主要集中在操作 BSS，而封闭式 BSS 和全面的国家概览很少受到关注。这项探索性研究的新颖之处在于它汇编了西班牙曾经实施的所有基于站的 BSS 的数据，从而可以深入评估运行和关闭的 BSS 数量随时间的演变。它跟踪全国范围内运行的自行车和站点的总数，并评估 BSS 的具体特征，包括识别封闭 BSS 中的常见模式和运行 BSS 的使用水平。结果显示，到 2018 年，西班牙 62% 的 BSS 已经关闭。封闭的 BSS 站点较少，并且位于经济较为贫困的地区和人口较少的城市。在使用水平方面，38% 的运营 BSS 报告每辆自行车每天少于一次。所有超过 30 个站点的西班牙 BSS 的存活率都是 100%。进行回归分析以评估 BSS（运行或关闭）的状态和使用水平。BSS 的城市人口和年龄都是 BSS 生存率的重要预测因素，只有 BSS 的自行车数量对使用水平有足够的解释力。本研究描述了西班牙 BSS 的演变，并探讨了可能影响其生存的一些特征。BSS 的城市人口和年龄都是 BSS 生存率的重要预测因素，只有 BSS 的自行车数量对使用水平有足够的解释力。本研究描述了西班牙 BSS 的演变，并探讨了可能影响其生存的一些特征。BSS 的城市人口和年龄都是 BSS 生存率的重要预测因素，只有 BSS 的自行车数量对使用水平有足够的解释力。这项研究描述了西班牙BSS的演变，并探讨了一些可能影响其生存的特征。