This paper reviews the literature relating to a type of local bio-based circular economy (BCE) where food waste (FW) is effectively recycled to advanced bio-refineries to produce multiple ecosystem services (ES) including energy, biofertilizer and other value-added products and services. The biofertilizer is applied within urban and peri-urban farms to close the bioresource loop. Such BCE concept has been proposed in several EU countries with varying degree of success in long-term operations. We systematically review the ES of BCE and identify the ES, which are not properly compensated by the market. On this basis, we further review the potential regulatory and supporting mechanisms, which could incentivize the successful implementation of BCE and overcome the market/policy failures. We find that single regulatory instrument at the government and authority level could be compromised by poor governance and practices at other levels, and therefore may not reach its full potential. Instead, we propose a multi-level regulatory and supporting system, which combines the strengths of top-down and bottom-up governances and motivates the self-governance of industry and citizens. We conclude by highlighting a need for multi-level governance research supporting urban sustainable transitions, with a focus on constructing ‘policy portfolios’ from a systems perspective to better engage government, firms, citizens and other stakeholders.

本文回顾了与当地生物基循环经济 (BCE) 相关的文献，其中食物垃圾 (FW) 被有效回收到先进的生物精炼厂，以生产多种生态系统服务 (ES)，包括能源、生物肥料和其他增值产品和服务。生物肥料用于城市和城郊农场，以关闭生物资源循环。这种 BCE 概念已在多个欧盟国家提出，并在长期运营中取得了不同程度的成功。我们系统地审查了 BCE 的 ES，并确定了市场没有适当补偿的 ES。在此基础上，我们进一步审查可能激励 BCE 成功实施并克服市场/政策失灵的潜在监管和支持机制。我们发现，政府和当局层面的单一监管工具可能会受到其他层面治理不善和实践不力的影响，因此可能无法充分发挥其潜力。相反，我们提出了一个多层次的监管和支持体系，它结合了自上而下和自下而上的治理优势，激发了行业和公民的自治。最后，我们强调需要支持城市可持续转型的多层次治理研究，重点是从系统角度构建“政策组合”，以更好地吸引政府、企业、公民和其他利益相关者。它结合了自上而下和自下而上治理的优势，并激发了行业和公民的自治。最后，我们强调需要支持城市可持续转型的多层次治理研究，重点是从系统角度构建“政策组合”，以更好地吸引政府、企业、公民和其他利益相关者。它结合了自上而下和自下而上治理的优势，并激发了行业和公民的自治。最后，我们强调需要支持城市可持续转型的多层次治理研究，重点是从系统角度构建“政策组合”，以更好地吸引政府、企业、公民和其他利益相关者。